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In this session:
What is culture?
At level of society
At level of organisation
Beliefs, values and attitudes Where they come from and how they relate to behaviour
Intercultural competenceBeing able to work within and across cultures in professional life
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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What is culture ? - your thoughts on this?
In pairs or small groups, come up with a definition of culture.
Hint: you might like to think about examples of things, such as dress, language, food, customs.......
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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Can we come up with a shared definition of culture?
Key Points are . . .
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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Some elements of culture• Language (including non-verbal cues)
• Stories, myths and legends, jokes
• Norms e.g. rituals, taboos, social etiquette
• Values (what is considered of worth) and ethics
• Religion
• Beliefs e.g. individualism or collectivism
• Roles and power distance
• Customs, festivals and celebrations
• Food
• Art
• Clothing
• Artefacts: physical things that have symbolic meanings attached e.g. flowers at a wedding
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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Are there such things as ‘cultural universals’?
Do you think the following features are shared by people in all human societies?
Ability to communicate verbally
Use of age and gender for classification e.g. woman, senior citizen
Marriage and kinship e.g. cousin, husband
Family relationships and child rearing
Art and music
Division of labour
Ethics
Can you add any others to this list?
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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A further complication: ‘Subcultures’
Complex societies consist of more than one culture – subcultures exist within dominant cultures
Examples:
Economic or social class
Ethnicity e.g. tribal connections, African Americans
Geographic region
Age-related cohort e.g. ‘youth culture’
Can you add to this list? Are there ‘subcultures’ with which you or people you know identify?
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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Kogalganguro
morianime
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Lewis culture modelhttp://www.crossculture.com/services/cross-culture/
Follow link and click on multi media demonstration for six minute video presentation.
http://www.crossculture.com/rlcintro.html
12 Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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13 Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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Activity
• Form yourselves into small groups
• Each group will be given a card on which one of the elements of culture will be written
• Discuss amongst the group examples of cultural behaviours or attitudes related to your cultural element. These can be from your own or other cultures.
• We will share this discussion as a class
• Alternative Activity slide 31
• Discuss examples of New Zealand cultural that you have noticed.
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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So why is culture significant?
Diversity
Identity
Points of difference
Development of attitudes
How we monitor standards and behaviour
Group membership
Strengthening and transmitting traditions through generations
Any others?
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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Some things to consider
Can culture change?
Should culture change?
What kinds of things might cause culture to change?
‘Culture shock’ – how would this feel?
Are there difficulties with cultural adaptation?
Are there benefits of culture sharing?
Does any of this matter for business students?
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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Culture= ‘the way we do things around here’
What is your view of that definition?
Does it fit with the ideas you have come up with?
Here are some of the characteristics of culture:
It’s based on what we have learned, i.e. it represents knowledge which is shared and accepted by members of the culture
It’s about ways we have been taught to think and feel, and to react to and interpret what we experience
It’s expressed through our understanding of the way things work, and how people behave in our culture (or subculture)
It’s about who we identify with, and who we feel ‘comfortable’ with
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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The importance of intercultural awareness and competence for business students
Today’s world of business is increasingly globalised and connected, and business graduates need to:
• understand and value/respect cultural differences
• communicate easily across diverse cultures
• possess the range of skills and knowledge needed to operate globally
• recognise that these skills are also necessary in culturally-diverse NZ
..........A useful place to start is through gaining an understanding of our own cultural practices.............
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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Intercultural competence
The acquired ability to understand, communicate and adapt behaviours in a manner that promotes effective intercultural communication and interaction
Intercultural competence involves:
• Sensitivity to cultural differences
• The ability to see things from multiple perspectives
• The ability to adapt behaviours and practices to function in other cultural frames
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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More on intercultural competence
A dynamic, ongoing, interactive and self-reflective learning process.
Related to culture, cross-cultural communication, meaning-making and language use, dealing with ‘otherness’ and difference.
Transformational – confronts and challenges biases and beliefs.
Involves self-reflexive communication and actions.
(More than the learning of isolated facts about specific cultures)
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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What makes it hard to understand one’s own culture?
Our own culture is ‘everything we know.’
Its . .
based on what we have learned and been taught;
how we understand the world,
identify ourselves and recognise others like us
How do we become aware that there are other ways of doing things?
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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Ways to increase your intercultural knowledge and competence during your degree program
• Learn as much as you can by socialising with students from other cultures during your degree studies
• Use every opportunity you get during your degree to engage in group work with students from other cultures – this is a ‘safe’ way to find out about other business cultures and ways of doing things
• Participate in the cultural exchange and internship opportunities that are offered as part of your degree
• Have some fun: watch movies, read magazines, access the internet. Find out everything you can about other cultures – sample their food too, if that is available in your area!
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
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Culture on culture: clash or integrateWhat happens when cultures collide?
• Good Conflict such as fusion cuisine of the euro/pacific.
• Bad Conflict such as destruction and dehumanisation of Australian Aborigine people, recent USA military actions in Iraq.
• Neutral (?) Separatism in which the cultures exist in parallel in the same geo-societal location such as apartheid (extreme),
Auckland Chinese (don’t integrate much).
• Integration in which a new culture emerges from a combination of one or more inputting cultures, such as Maori and Pakeha (hopefully).
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The New Zealand-Aotearoa Culture : Key Points
1. Don’t sit on desks, tables, etc
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32 Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
All slides so far have been about culture and society.
In business we also use the word culture to describe
how organisations work.
Every organisation has a ’culture’ that
is the ‘unwritten rules’ of the organisation.
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What use is organisational culture?
A successful business has a successful culture.
(all businesses in same industry have same resources etc, - so why is one more successful?)
Culture can be a competitive advantage as it is hard to copy.
(culture as core competency)
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35 Copyright ©2012 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442547742/McCulloch and Reid/Your Business Degree
Competitive advantage frontier
Threshold competencies
(all industry members do this)
Core competency
(unique feature)
Increasing
Differentiation
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Organisation culture extremes : People vs task
People (people first)Develop staff to fill roles
Team culture common
Collective decision making
Soft HRM organisation
non specialist career
implicit control
slow promotion
long term employment
Task (work first)Hire staff to fill roles
Individual culture common
Individual decision making
Hard HRM organisation
specialist career
explicit control
fast promotion
short term contracts
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