renaissance is a french word…it means “rebirth” it is not till 1830 that the term is used…by...

RENAISSANCE IS A FRENCH WORD…IT MEANS “REBIRTH”IT IS NOT TILL 1830 THAT THE TERM IS USED…BY A SWISS

HISTORIAN JACOB BURCKHARDTTHE RENAISSANCE ONLY AFFECTS THE WEALTHY ELITE…A

SMALL ELITE…THE MAJORITY OF EUROPEANS ARE NOT TOUCHED BY IT.

PEASANTS CONTINUED TO SUFFER.MOST CHANGES ARE IN THE ARTS AND IN LEARNING

IT IS THE PRINTING PRESS…GUTENBERG’S MOVEABLE TYPE…THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SPREAD OF RENAISSANCE

IDEAS.BOOKS CAN NOW BE PRODUCED QUICKLY AND CHEAPLY

THE RENAISSANCE BEGINS IN THE ITALIAN CITY STATES IN THE LATE 14TH CENTURY (QUATROCENTRO)

WEALTH…SPURS ON THE RENAISSANCE…AND LOTS OF IT!ITALY IS BEAUTIFULLY POSITIONED BETWEEN THE MUSLIM

EAST AND THE CHRISTIAN NORTH.

ITALY TRADES THE SPICES PRODUCED IN THE EAST TO THE CHRISTIAN NORTH…THEY ACT AS GO BETWEENS. CHRISTIANS DO NOT WANT TO

DEAL WITH MUSLIMSSPICE…SUCH AS PEPPER, GINGER, CURRY, CINNAMON, ETC…WAS

OUNCE FOR OUNCE MORE VALUABLE THAN GOLD

THEY INVENT BANKS OF COURSE!!!THEY HAVE SO MUCH MONEY THEY START LENDING

IT TO PEOPLE ALL OVER EUROPE…NO NOT TO PEASANTS!

THEY CHARGE INTEREST AND MAKE EVEN MORE MONEY!

THE MORE MONEY THAT CAME IN TO THEM…THE MORE LUXURIES THEY BOUGHT, THE MORE

LUXURIES THEY HAD, THE MORE THEY WANTED…SOUND FAMILIAR…WHO HAS AN iphone?

THEY ALSO HAD LEISURE TIME TO PURSUE NEW IDEAS…LIKE HUMANISM (WE WILL GET TO IT)…

AND PATRONAGE OF THE ARTS…THEY COMMISSIONED ARTISTS TO PAINT FOR THEM…UHH

LEONARDO WILL YOU PAINT MY PORTRAIT…?

PORTRAITS ANYONE?

I’m so pretty…

Miss Italy, 1560

Miss Italy…runner up

It’s the donuts on my ears isn’t it?

Life in Europe, in the Middle Ages was miserable. The Middle Ages was a time when RELIGION was the dominant

feature…life was a preparation for the afterlife….to gain Salvation. MAN WAS POWERLESS IN A HARSH UNIVERSE…WE COULD

NOT CHANGE THINGS, WE HAD TO JUST ACCEPT…SUFFERING WAS PART OF OUR LOT IN LIFE.

The church would explain the WHY in terms of religion…you were not pious enough, you had displeased God, you had not given

enough money to the church…It changed to…Life can be lived for today, and yes, it can be enjoyed.

We go from spiritual reward to material reward. THE CHURCH WAS NOT HAPPY!!!

From the SPIRITUAL TO THE SECULAR --

The secular emphasizes the “here and now” rather than the

“other world of heaven”

Emphasis is placed on material rewards rather than on spiritual

happiness.

The world begins to be explained in terms of DISCOVERABLE

CAUSES…The Bible is superseded as the ultimate

authority

Secularism changed the attitude of helplessness

Checkout the following Shakespeare quote from Hamlet…

“WHAT A PIECE OF WORK IS MAN, HOW NOBLE IN REASON,

HOW INFINITE IN FACULTY, IN FORM AND MOVING,

HOW EXPRESS AND ADMIRABLE IN ACTION, HOW LIKE AN ANGEL IN APPREHENSION,HOW LIKE A GOD: THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,PARAGON OF ANIMALS”

Contrast Shakespeare's attitude with that of the Middle Ages…

TYPICAL DRESS FOR

RENAISSANCE LADIES

THE MONA LISA

You knew that right?

The Renaissance “Man”…the ideal The Renaissance “Man”…the ideal man wasman was knowledgeable about many things in different knowledgeable about many things in different

fields…a man of fields…a man of VirtuVirtu excelling in all he didexcelling in all he did He was confident in himself…in his abilitiesHe was confident in himself…in his abilities He made the most of his opportunitiesHe made the most of his opportunities A deep knowledge of literature, poetry, A deep knowledge of literature, poetry,

rhetoric, business, the art of war, self-defense, rhetoric, business, the art of war, self-defense, he spoke 2 or 3 languages…and of course he he spoke 2 or 3 languages…and of course he was a man of INTEGRITY and DIGNITYwas a man of INTEGRITY and DIGNITY

He was able to link information from different He was able to link information from different areas and disciplines to create new knowledge.areas and disciplines to create new knowledge.

He was a He was a HUMANISTHUMANIST…(next slide)…(next slide) The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was

at the heart of Renaissance education.at the heart of Renaissance education.

CONFIDENCE

OPPORTUNITIES

INTEGRITY

DIGNITY

LITERATURE

SELF DEFENCE

There are different interpretations of what HUMANISM was..It is primarily a way of seeing the world around you and

interacting with that world…a “moral compass”PETRARCH (1304-1374)is considered to be the “Father of

Humanism”…he is anti-war and pro-secular literature.Humanist goals were: a) demonstrate a knowledge of

languages…Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and a modern vernacularb) Know history…especially Ancient Greek and Roman

c) Be athletic…the manly art of fencingd) Moral character…getting away from the church’s view of

“God’s will” humanists believed in FREE WILL.e) Behavior…manners and courtesy…how you act towards people…best seen in Baldasar Castiglione’s The Courtier which was a manual of how to act, how to court and make

love…f) You applied these humanist philosophies to cultural and

political life…you contributed to your communities with beautification projects like sculpture and public artworks

MEDIEVAL ART DEALT WITH RELIGIOUS THEMES…BIBLICAL STORIES

RENAISSANCE ART DID HAVE RELIGIOUS THEMES BUT OFTEN DEALT WITH SECULAR THEMES…PORTRAIT, NUDES (COVER

YOUR EYES WE ARE IN VISTA!)ARTISTS BEGIN TO USE OIL PAINTS AS A MEDIUM

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE GIVES THE IMPRESSION OF THREE DIMENSIONALITY

ART OBSERVES THE NATURAL WORLD AND HUMAN EMOTIONSCULPTURE…EXPLORES INDIVIDUALISTIC, NON-RELIGIOUS,

NUDESARCHITECTURE…LOOKED BACK TO THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND

ROMANS…ROUNDED ARCHES AND SQUARED ANGLESLITERATURE…BECAME MORE SECULAR. AUTHORS EXPLORED THE HUMAN CONDITION…e.g. SHAKESPEARE, CASTIGLIONE, BOCCACCIO, AND MACHIAVELLI…write down the books these

authors wrote and what were the books about.

From Medieval art

To

Renaissance art

Realism & Realism & ExpressionExpression

Expulsion fromExpulsion fromthe Gardenthe Garden

MasaccioMasaccio

14271427

First nudes First nudes sincesinceclassical times.classical times.

Linear PerspectiveLinear Perspective

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

First use First use of linear of linear

perspective!perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

The The TrinityTrinity

MasaccioMasaccio

14271427

What you What you are, I once are, I once was; what I was; what I

am, you am, you will will

become.become.

ClassicismClassicism

Greco-Roman influence.

Secularism.

Humanism.

Individualism free standing figures.

Symmetry/Balance

The “Classical Pose”The “Classical Pose”Medici “Venus” Medici “Venus”

(Greek 1(Greek 1stst century) century)

Emphasis on IndividualismEmphasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre:

The Duke & Dutchess of UrbinoThe Duke & Dutchess of Urbino

Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.

Do I have a bump on my nose?

Isabella d’Este –Isabella d’Este – da Vinci, da Vinci, 14991499 1474-1539

“First Lady of the Italian Renaissance.”

Great patroness of the arts in Mantua.

Known during her time as “First Lady of the World!”

Geometrical Geometrical Arrangement of Arrangement of

FiguresFigures The Dreyfus The Dreyfus Madonna Madonna with the with the PomegranatPomegranatee

Leonardo da Leonardo da VinciVinci

14691469

The figure as The figure as architecture!architecture!

Light & Shadowing/Softening Light & Shadowing/Softening EdgesEdges

ChiaroscuroChiaroscuro

SfumatoSfumato

Florence Under the Florence Under the MediciMedici

The The Medici Medici ChapelChapel

The Medici PalaceThe Medici Palace

Lorenzo Lorenzo the Magnificentthe Magnificent

1478 - 15211478 - 1521

Cosimo de Cosimo de MediciMedici

1517 - 15741517 - 1574

Commissioned to build the cathedral dome. Used unique

architectural concepts. He studied the

ancient Pantheon in Rome.

When he designed the dome for the cathedral in Florence he…

Used ribs for support.

Brunelleschi’s Brunelleschi’s “Secret”“Secret”

Brunelleschi’s Brunelleschi’s DomeDome

Dome Dome ComparisonsComparisons

Il DuomoIl Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US Capital US Capital

(Florence) (Rome) (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington) (London) (Washington)

Let us now take a look at

some examples of how the

individual was portrayed

during the Renaissance

Self-Portrait Self-Portrait -- da Vinci, -- da Vinci, 15121512

1452 - 15191452 - 1519

Artist

Sculptor

Architect

Scientist

Engineer

Inventor

This diagram isThis diagram is taken from antaken from an illustration of illustration of Vitruvius' Vitruvius' theory by theory by Leonardo da Leonardo da

Vinci Vinci

TheTheL’uomoL’uomo

universaleuniversale

Vitruvius, the architect, says in his work on architecture that the measurements of the human body are as follows: 4 fingers make 1 palm;

4 palms make 1 foot; 6 palms make 1 cubit; 4 cubits make a man's height. 4 cubits make one pace and 24 palms make a man.

The length of a man's outspread arms is equal to his height. “From the roots of his hair to the bottom of his chin is a tenth of a man's

height; from the bottom of the chin to the top of the head is one eighth of his height; from the top of the breast to the roots of the hair will be the seventh part of the whole man.

From the nipples to the top of the head will be the fourth part of man. The greatest width of the shoulders contains in itself the fourth part of man. From the elbow to the tip of the hand will be the fifth part of a man; and from the elbow to the angle of the armpit will be the eighth part of man.

Leonardo, the artist:Leonardo, the artist:from his notebook…of from his notebook…of over over 5000 5000

pagespages

No stylized beauty here…the individual in all his/her ugliness

Mona LisaMona Lisa – da Vinci – da Vinci

Mona LisaMona Lisa OROR da da Vinci??Vinci??

Leonardo, Leonardo, the Artistthe Artist

The Virgin The Virgin of the Rocks of the Rocks

Leonardo daLeonardo daVinciVinci

1483-14861483-1486

The The RefractorRefractor

yy

at the at the Convent Convent of Santa of Santa

Maria Maria delle delle

GrazieGraziein Milanin Milan

The Last Supper The Last Supper

by Leonardo da Vinci, 1498by Leonardo da Vinci, 1498

A lesson in Geometry

horizontal

vert

ical

Multiple Perspectives!Multiple Perspectives!

The Last Supper The Last Supper - da - da Vinci, 1498Vinci, 1498

A Da Vinci “Code”:A Da Vinci “Code”:Is it John, or, is it Mary Is it John, or, is it Mary

Magdalene?Magdalene?

Closeup of Closeup of JesusJesus

The Last The Last SupperSupper

Leonardo Leonardo da Vincida Vinci

14981498

Deterioration Deterioration of the of the

masterpiece..masterpiece..

Let us move on

to other artists and

sculptors of the Renaissance

David by David by DonatelloDonatello

14301430

First free-form bronze First free-form bronze since Roman times!since Roman times!

The Liberation of The Liberation of SculptureSculpture

AnotherAnother

DavidDavid

by by

VerrocchioVerrocchio

1473 - 1473 - 14751475

A third example of A third example of David by David by Michelangelo BuonarottiMichelangelo Buonarotti

1504 made from Marble1504 made from Marble

1515thth centurycentury

16th 16th

centurycentury

WhatWhat

aa

differencedifference

aa

centurycentury

makes!makes!

Comparing DomesComparing Domes

The Sistine The Sistine ChapelChapel

Michelangelo Michelangelo BuonarrotiBuonarroti

1508 - 15121508 - 1512

The Sistine Chapel’s The Sistine Chapel’s CeilingCeiling

Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo Buonarroti1508 - 15121508 - 1512

The Sistine Chapel …The Sistine Chapel …one of one of the panelsthe panels

The The Creation Creation

of the of the HeavensHeavens

The Sistine Chapel… The Sistine Chapel… more more DetailsDetails

Creation of Creation of ManMan

The Sistine Chapel …The Sistine Chapel …More DetailsMore Details

Adam and Adam and Eve…Eve…

The Fall The Fall from from GraceGrace

The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel ……More DetailsMore Details

The Last JudgmentThe Last Judgment

The PietaThe Pieta

MichelangeloMichelangeloBuonarrotiBuonarroti

14991499

marblemarble

The Popes as Patrons The Popes as Patrons of the Artsof the Arts

Michelangelo's Moses This is the last of Michelangelo's

projects for the tomb which Pope Julius commissioned in 1506.

The statue of Moses was sculpted during the years when Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel.

You see Moses glaring at the children of Israel after he descends from Mt. Sinai with the Tablets of the Law…the 10 commandments…Thou shalt listen to Mr. Green!!!

The extraordinary force of this figure, the tension in the veins and muscles, the posture and the furious expression, have rightly made this Moses one of the most admired masterpieces of all time.

Please notice the HORNS atop Moses head!

Rafael (1483-1520)Rafael (1483-1520)

Self-PortraitSelf-Portrait, 1506, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with Portrait of the Artist with a Frienda Friend, 1518, 1518

Baldassare CastiglioneBaldassare Castiglione by by Raphael,Raphael,

Castiglione Castiglione represented the represented the humanist humanist “gentleman”… a man “gentleman”… a man of refinement and self-of refinement and self-control.control.

In In The CourtierThe Courtier …a …a manual of manners manual of manners and courtly love…he and courtly love…he describes the ideal describes the ideal manman

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

Betrothal Betrothal of the of the Virgin Virgin

RaphaelRaphael

15041504

Raphael’sRaphael’s Canagiani Canagiani Madonna, Madonna, 15071507

Raphael’sRaphael’s Madonnas Madonnas

Sistine MadonnaSistine Madonna Cowpepper MadonnaCowpepper Madonna

Madonna della SediaMadonna della Sedia Alba MadonnaAlba Madonna

More of Raphael’sMore of Raphael’s Madonnas Madonnas

The School of Athens The School of Athens – Raphael, – Raphael, 1510 -111510 -11

Raphael

Da Vinci

Michelangelo

AristotleAristotle::looks to thislooks to thisearth…theearth…thehere andhere and

now.now.

PlatoPlato::looks to looks to

thetheheavensheavens

… or … or the IDEALthe IDEAL

realm.realm.

The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, detailsRaphael, details

Averroes

Hypatia

Pythagoras

ZoroasterZoroaster

Ptolemy

Euclid

The School of Athens The School of Athens – Raphael, – Raphael, 1510 -111510 -11 One point perspective.One point perspective.

All of the important Greek philosophers All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included and thinkers are included all of the all of the great personalities of the great personalities of the Seven Liberal Seven Liberal ArtsArts!!

A great variety of poses.A great variety of poses. Located in the papal apartments library.Located in the papal apartments library. Raphael worked on this commission Raphael worked on this commission

simultaneously as Michelangelo was simultaneously as Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel.doing the Sistine Chapel.

No Christian themes here.No Christian themes here.

http://www.wga.hu/index1.html

A great resource for your art project