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Assalaamu’alaikum..,

Good afternoon

Pontianak, October 13th 2009

FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS

GROUP 1 :DEVI P.I.SHELEN .N. HHENI FITRIANI

1. The hypothesis is a specific statement

of prediction and It describes in

concrete (rather than theoretical)

terms what you expect will happen in

your study.

http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/hypothes.php

2. Hypothesis is the statement created by

a researcher when they speculate

upon the outcome of a research or

experiment.

http://www.experiment-resources.com/research-hypothesis.html

3. A hypothesis (in Greek 'hipothesis', meaning 'foundation' or 'basis') is a particular kind of conjecture that clearly formulates a suggestion about the solution to a certain problem. www.wikipedia.com

4. Hypothesis is an idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts but that has been not yet been proved to be a true or correct. (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary)

5. Hypothesis is a statement in quantitative research in which the investigator makes a prediction or a conjecture.Creswell, John. W. Educational Research, New Jersey, Upper Saddle River: Pearson Merrill Prentice-Hall. Third Edition

6. According to Gay (1996, page 61), a hypothesis is a tentative explanation for certain behaviors, phenomena, or events that have occurred or will occur.

7. The hypothesis is a tentative answer to a question. It is a hunch, or an educated guess to be subjected to the process of verification or disconfirmation. Best, John. B. Research in Education. New Jersey, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, INC. Third Edition

Conclusion: Hypothesis is a preliminary or tentative explanation or postulate by the researcher of what the researcher considers the outcome of an investigation will be. It is the most specific way in which an answer to a problem can be stated and it indicates the expectations of the researcher regarding certain variables.

WHEN IS THE HYPOTHESIS FORMULATED?

The hypothesis is formulated after the problem has been stated and the literature study has been concluded. It is formulated when the researcher is totally aware of the theoretical and empirical background to the problem.

THE PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF AN HYPOTHESIS

• It offers explanations for the relationships between those variables that can be empirically tested.

• It furnishes proof that the researcher has sufficient background knowledge to enable him/her to make suggestions in order to extend existing knowledge.

• It gives direction to an investigation. • It structures the next phase in the investigation

and therefore furnishes continuity to the examination of the problem.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS

• A good hypothesis states as clearly and concisely as possible the expected relationship (or difference) between two variables and defines those variables in operational, measurable terms." (Gay 1996, page 62).

• Hypothesis should be testable and reasonable • Hypothesis should be limited in scope.• Hypothesis should not be inconsistent with most known

facts.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

There are two types of hypothesis:

• The Null hypothesis(H0)

• The Alternative hypothesis (H1 or HA)

The Null HypothesisThe Null Hypothesis • It makes prediction that of all

possible people whom researchers might study called

the general population.

• There is no relationship between independent and dependent

variable or no difference between groups of an independent

variable or a dependent variable.

The Alternative Hypothesis

You will use an alternative hypothesis if you think there will be a different based on results from past research

on an explanation or theory reported in the literature.

Type of hypothesis

Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis

Purpose To test in the general population that there is no change, no relationship, no

difference between comparison group among

tested variables .

The hypothesis that may be true if the null is rejected; it suggests

a change, a relationship or a difference. The alternative

hypothesis predicts either a simple difference or a difference

in a particular direction.Specific language

found in the hypothesis

There is no difference (or relationship) between

independent and dependent variables.

Magnitude statements such as higher, lower, more positive,

more favorable.

The basic characteristics of these two forms are shown in this table:

Example of Null Hypothesis :• There is no difference between varsity

athletes in high school who smoke and those who don’t smoke in terms of athletic accomplishments.

1.Independent variable: use of tobacco (smokers and non-smokers)

2.Dependent variable: athletic accomplishments 3.Participants: varsity athletes 4.Site: high schools5.Form and language: null indicating no

difference

Directional alternative hypothesis

The researcher predicts the direction of a change, a difference, or a relationship for variables in the total population of people.

A researcher selects a sample of people from a population and predicts that the scores will be higher, better, or change in some way.

Example of Directional alternative hypothesis:

• Students who participate in direct learning in four elementary schools will have higher achievement scores than students who participate in whole – language learning.

1.Independent variable: learning ( direct and whole language)

2.Dependent variable: achievement test scores 3.Participants: third – grade students 4.Site: four elementary schools5.Key indicator: directional, a prediction is

implied

Non – directional alternative hypothesis

The researcher predicts the direction of a change,

a difference, or a relationship for variables

in a population but doesn't indicate whether the

direction of this prediction will be positive or

negative, greater or less.

Example of Non - directional alternative hypothesis

• There is a difference between varsity athletes in high school who smoke and those who don’t smoke in terms of athletic accomplishments.

1.Independent variable: use of tobacco (smokers and non-smokers)

2.Dependent variable: athletic accomplishments 3.Participants: varsity athletes 4.Site: high schools5.Key indicator: the word “a difference” but the

direction is not specified.

HOW DO WE FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS ?

1.The formulation of hypothesis follows logically from the review of literature on the problem.

2. Make the hyphotesis in a statement. Most commonly, hypotheses take three formats:

• a question, "Does smoking cause lung cancer?"• a conditional statement "Smoking may cause lung

cancer."• an If, then statement, "If smoking causes lung

cancer, then individuals who smoke have a higher frequency of developing the disease."

3. Double-check that your hypothesis contains variables. For an experiment to be valid, it must contain at least two variables.

4. Verify that your hypothesis includes a subject group. A subject group defines who or what the researcher is studying.

5. Include a treatment or exposure in the experiment. A treatment is literally what is being done to the subject group.

6. Prepare for an outcome measure, which is a measurement concerned

with how the treatment is going to be assessed.

7. Understand your control group. The control group is a group similar to the subject group, but this group does not receive the treatment. It is a population that the subject group is compared to.

8. Make a prediction about changes you expect in your groups, such as less or more favorable or no changes (e.g., no difference). You will then test this prediction using statistical procedures.

The last step is ....

WASSALAM…