regents review topic 1: similarities and differences among living organisms

Regents ReviewTopic 1: Similarities and Differences

Among Living Organisms

Plant vs Animal Cell

Plant Animal

Differences – plant has cell wall, chloroplast, and huge vacuole

Organelles

Nucleus – “brain”, contains DNA, controls cell

Vacuole – “storage”, stores water, food,

waste

Mitochondria – “powerhouse”, produces energy for cell through respiration

OrganellesChloroplast – “food”, green color, makes glucose

for plant through photosynthesis

Cytoplasm – “jelly”, provides shape of cell, transport

Ribosome – “protein”, uses amino acids to make proteins

Cell membrane – “gatekeeper”, selectively permeable, fluid-mosaic

OrganellesDNA – “info”, genetic material that codes for all

activities of the cell (NOT AN ORGANELLE)

Cell Wall – “rigid”, stiff outer layer of plant cell, helps cell keep shape

Lysosome – “recycling center”, breaks down dead organelles and waste

The Cell Membrane1.Separates contents of

cell from environ.

2.Control transport in and out of cell

3.Recognize and respond to chemical signals

Transport

Passive Transport – transport of molecules into and out of the cell that does not require energy, molecules move from high to low concentration

Ex. Diffusion and Osmosis

Diffusion through the Membrane Lab

Diffusion Movement of molecules from high concentration

to low concentration A natural process, molecules want to spread out

Ex. Mom baking cookies, aroma reaches you after a few minutes…molecules spreading naturally from high concentration (kitchen) to low concentration (living room)

Osmosis Diffusion of water Water molecules move from high to low

concentration

Active Transport Transport of molecules from low to high

concentration. Requires Energy!!! (ATP)

Ex. Desert Plants absorbing water

Transport

Recognizing Signals

How do cells receive and understand messages from the body?

Proteins found in the cell membrane can receive chemical messages.

Hormone Produced in endocrine glands. Chemicals responsible for communication

between cells. If hormone production is slowed, stopped,

blocked…homeostasis can be effected.

Craig ????

Receptor Molecule Proteins found in cell membranes. Can detect hormones, chemicals from

nerve cells that will stimulate the cell to respond.

Receptor Molecules

Target Cell Specific type of cell that signal is supposed

to reach.

Endocrine System A series of small organs that produce the

hormones (messengers) of the body Include thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary,

thyroid, pancreas, testes, and ovaries.

Endocrine System

Levels of Organization Cell – contain organelles Tissue – groups of specialized cells Organs – different types of tissues

combined Organ System – several organs working

together Organism

Levels of Org

Single Celled Organism An organism that is only one cell, yet

undergoes all of life functions. Organelles of single cell org are much

simpler than organ system of a human, but capable of same function.

Ex. Vacuole vs Digestive System

Body Systems Endocrine – sends chemical messengers

(hormones) to body systems through blood stream (pancreas, ovaries/testes)

Respiratory – exchange of gasses between blood of circ system and the environment (lungs, nose)

Body Systems Excretory – removal of all waste from body

cells (kidney, lung, sweat gland, anus)

Nervous – sends signals along nerves, co-ordinates movement of body (brain, spinal cord)

Body Systems Immune System – detect and destroy

invaders found in the body, increases body’s immunity

Immunity – ability to resist disease

Body Systems Digestive – ingest, break down food,

nutrients absorbed into blood stream (esophagus, stomach, intestines)

Skeletal – provide foundation for body

Muscular – contract to move bones body

Body Systems Circulatory – transport materials such as

oxygen, waste, and nutrients throughout your body (heart, arteries, blood)

Life FunctionsRespiration – break down nutrients to release

energy (mitochondria)

Regulation – responding to internal and external stimuli, maintaining homeostasis

Reproduction – produce more of own species

Life FunctionsGrowth – increasing the size or number of

cells

Excretion – removing waste

Nutrition – obtaining nutrients from environment and breaking them down for transport

Life Functions

Transport – move materials throughout organism

Circulation – blood vessels are the highway of the human body

Life FunctionsSynthesis – TO BUILD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

- combining simple substances into complex substances

Metabolism – all chem reactions that take place in the cell

Homeostasis – BALANCE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!- maintaining internal stability of organism

Photosynthesis vs Respiration

Photosynthesis: Plant Cells Chloroplast H2O + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2

Sunlight Glucose

Photosynthesis vs Respiration

Respiration: All cells mitochondria C6H12O6 + O2 ATP + CO2 + H2O

Glucose Energy

A Cycle!!

Inorganic vs OrganicInorganic Do not contain both

H and C Include salts,

acids/bases, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen

Organic Contain both H and

C Include DNA,

protein, fat, carbohydrates, enzymes

Biochemistry

Carbohydrates – store energy (starch in plants, glycogen in animals)

Simple Sugars – monosaccharides (1 sugar molecule), glucose

Biochemistry

Proteins – made of amino acids (coded for by DNA), essential in just about every process that occurs in an organism

Enzymes – speed up bio reactionsHormones – chemical messengersAntibodies – find and destroy invadersAntigens – stimulate immune responsePigments – different colors (chlorophyll)

Biochemistry

Lipids – fats, essential for life (cell membranes)