regents biology macromolecules: you are what you eat

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Macromolecules: You are what you eat

Organic vs. Inorganic

• Organic Molecules: Contains Carbon AND associated with life.

Inorganic Molecules: Not associated with life… may, or may not contain carbon

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Carbon is cool - It can make up to 4 covalent bonds and fold in all kinds of ways!!

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CHNOPS… the main elements

that make up your body!!!!

(Carbon; Hydrogen; Nitrogen; Oxygen; Phosphorus; Sulfur)

What are Macromolecules?

• Nutrients provide the raw materials required for growth, repair and energy for living things. We obtain these nutrients as part of our diet. Some nutrients are required in large amounts to support cellular health, including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

4 Types of Macromolecules4 Types of Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: Sugars + StarchesSugars + Starches• Lipids: Lipids: Fats and OilsFats and Oils• Protein: Protein: Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue• Nucleic Acids: Nucleic Acids: Microscopic Genetic Material Microscopic Genetic Material

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Macromolecules

• Macro means:– Large

• Molecule: – Compound formed From 2 or more atom.

Many

One

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Building important polymers

sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

Carbohydrates = built from sugars

Proteins = built from amino acids

Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides

aminoacid

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

Lipids = built from fatty acid & glycerolGlycerol Fatty

acid–

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Identify each example according Identify each example according to type of macromolecule. . .to type of macromolecule. . .

ButterButter

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Chicken Chicken BreastBreast

BreadBread

Fish FiletFish Filet

Pizza GreasePizza Grease

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Corn SyrupCorn Syrup

DNA DNA

Digesting Macromolecules gives us energy

starch glucose

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATPATP

AnyQuestions?

• Stop & Read through questions in Carbohydrates

• Work on your own

– Pg 34–35 AND 44-48

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Carbohydrates

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sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar

Carbohydrates are built from sugars

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Function of Carbohydrates– quick energy– energy storage– Structure

starch

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Glucose Monomer

BIG carbohydrateschitin

– structure in arthropods & fungi» exoskeleton

Helpful bacteria• How can cows digest cellulose so well?

– BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Eeeew…Chewingcud?

Different Diets of HerbivoresCow

can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars

Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

Carbohydrates: MonosaccharidesCarbohydrates: Monosaccharides

• The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar with The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar with the chemical formula of Cthe chemical formula of C66HH1212OO66

• These simple sugars are called MonosaccharidesThese simple sugars are called Monosaccharides• All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula, All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula,

but different shapes.but different shapes.• Examples:Examples:

– GlucoseGlucose– FructoseFructose– GalactoseGalactose

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Carbohydrates: Disaccharides Carbohydrates: Disaccharides

• Disaccharide = Double sugar. • They’re made by joining 2 monosaccharides

Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides

• Polysaccharide = Many sugars Polysaccharide = Many sugars • This is a long chain of monosaccharidesThis is a long chain of monosaccharides• Examples:Examples:

– Starch: Grain FoodsStarch: Grain Foods– Cellulose: Plant fiberCellulose: Plant fiber

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Nucleic acids:

2006-2007

Information molecules

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DNADNA

Nucleic Acids• Function:

– genetic material• stores information• transfers information

proteinsproteins

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Nucleic acids

• Monomer (building block) = nucleotides

phosphate

sugar N base

Nitrogen basesI’m the A,T,C,G or Upart!

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Nucleotide chains• Nucleic acids

– nucleotides chained into a polymer

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

RNA

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Nucleic Acids Examples

– DNA– RNA

RNA

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LipidsConcentrated energy molecules

That’s One Big Fatty Acid!

Lipids • Examples

– fats– oils– waxes– hormones

• sex hormones– testosterone (male)– estrogen (female)

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Glycerol HEAD

Fatty Acid

TAIL

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Another way to Illustrate Lipids

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HeadTail

Lipids

• Function:– energy storage

• very concentrated• twice the energy as carbohydrates!

– cell membrane– cushions organs– insulates body

• think whale blubber!

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Other Functions of Lipids in your Body• Sex Hormones (Look WAY different than the

other lipids… they are in rings).– Signals from one body system to another.

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Why are some fats solid and others liquid?

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•Quiz

Saturated vs. UnsaturatedAnimal (solid) vs. Plant (liquid)

saturated unsaturated

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Proteins!

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Amine

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Function of Proteins in Your Body

Immune SystemAntibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body.

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EnzymesEnzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. They also assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA.

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Messengers

Messenger proteins, such as some types of hormones, transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs.… Growth Hormone is a protein!2003-2004

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Structural ComponentThese proteins provide structure and support for cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body to move.

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Transport and Storage

These proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body.

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Denaturating ProteinsDenaturating Proteins

Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it is exposed to acids

Look Mom – I can denature

proteins!!!

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Videos

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMcxZNM

• 1:01:30 – Cracking the Code• https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=_IgSDVD4QEc

2003-2004