reforms and revolutions
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Reforms and Revolutions
By: TJ Hartnett, Kathleen Falcon, JP Seebode
National Liberation in Greece
National, liberal revolution succeeded first in Greece.
The Greeks revolted against the Islamic Turks in 1821.
They were led by Alexander Ypsilanti, a Greek patriot and a general in the Russian army.
In 1827, Great Britain, France, and Russia tried to force Turkey to accept an armistice with the Greeks.
Turkish refusal led to armed conflict, the navies of the three armies trapped the Turkish fleet and destroyed it
the declaration of Greece’s independence by the Great Powers in 1830.
A German prince was installed as the new king
Liberal Reform in Great Britain
18th century British society was dominated by the landowning aristocracy
Parliament was manipulated by the king and was thoroughly undemocratic
Only 8% of population could vote for representatives
1780 – Growing interest in political reform
French Revolution threw British aristocracy into a panic for a generation
Tory party, controlled by aristocracy, was fearful of radical movements
Liberal Reform in Great Britain
• 1817 - The Tory government responded to protests by temporarily suspending the traditional rights of peaceable assembly and habeas corpus
• 1819 – Parliament passed infamous Six Acts which placed controls on heavily taxed press and eliminated all mass meetings
• The resulting protests were named the Battle of Peterloo in reference to the British victory at Waterloo, which was the incident demonstrated by the government’s determination to repress and stand fast
Liberal Reform in Great Britain
o 1815 – aristocracy defended its ruling position by repressing all popular protests
o First step was the revision of Corn Laws in 1815
o Corn Laws regulated foreign grain trade
o Revision of the Corn Laws protected English landowners by prohibiting the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels
o The change in the Corn Laws led to protests by urban laborers, supported by radical intellectuals
Liberal Reform
Reform of town government Organization of a new police
force More rights for Catholics &
dissenters Reform of Poor Laws Tory government moved
towards a better urban administration, greater economic liberalism, and civil unity for Catholics
Went for a reform of Parliament Last reform of the Corn Laws
Whig Party and Reform Bill Led an act to amend the
representation of the people of England and Wales
Reform Bill was rejected by the House of Lords
1832 – Whigs got king to enact new laws
Reform Bill of 1832 Profound significance New industrial areas of the country
gained representation in the Commons
Rotten boroughs were eliminated Number of voters increased 50% 12% more of British and Irish men
allowed to vote More radical reform without a war Legislation was proven to show it
can solve problems and social conditions
Liberal Reform in Great Britain
• The Chartists pushed for universal male suffrage, but not female
• Parliament rejected all three petitions for universal suffrage
• Many working class people joined the Anti-Corn Law League which made possible a popular crusade which argued that lower food prices and more jobs depended on the repeal of the Corn Laws.
• Tories competed for working-class support with Whigs by passing factory reform bills. These included The Ten Hours Act of 1847.
Prelude to The Revolution of 1830 in France
Constitutional Charter of 1814
Liberal constitution, but it was not democratic
Intellectual and artistic freedom was protected
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Upper and Lower houses of the Parliament created
Economic and social gains were made by the middle class
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100,000 people out of a 30 million population were allowed to vote under the law
People they voted for created the laws of the nation
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Charles X – The Revolution
- Charles was a true reactionary - Wished to reestablish the order of
the former Revolution in France- Issued decrees stripping the
wealthy middle class of their voting rights and censored the press
- Charles fled as the Revolution sparked
- Mini Revolution compared to the French Revolution
- Louis Philippe took the throne- Adopted the Red, White, and Blue
Flag
Ireland and The Great Famine
Ireland did not benefit from political competition in BritainPopulation consisted of Irish CatholicsLandlords were content in using power to grab as much land as possibleTerrible conditions of 1800 Irish peasantryLived in wretched cottagesCan’t afford shoes or stockingsHopeless poverty
Ireland and The Great Famine
Population growth increased 1725 – 3 million 1780 – 4 million 1840 – 8 million
Three reasons for population growth 1. Extensive cultivation of the potato Late 16th century Response to the pressure of
numbers 2. Early marriage Needing only a big potato patch to
survive, Irish men and women married early
3. Exploitation of peasants by landlords
No incentive for peasants to make improvements to land because landlords would seize it
Ireland and The Great Famine
As population and potato dependency grew, conditions became more dangerous
1820 onward - Potato crop failure These crop failures resulted in
The Great Famine Blight attacked plants Widespread starvation Mass fever epidemics Tenants who could not pay were
evicted and their homes were destroyed
Ireland and The Great Famine British government was slow to
respond – laissez faire ideology Great Famine devastated population 1 million emigrants fled between 1845
and 1851 1.5 million died or went unborn Population of 8 million in 1845 dropped
to 4.4 million in 1911 Resulting out-migration, late marriage,
and widespread celibacy Results of the Great Famine Intensified anti-British feelings Promoted Irish nationalism Bitter Irish memory of starvation, exile,
and British inaction Campaigns for reform, home rule, and
eventually, Irish independence
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