reflexes, brain very good
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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
Fifth edition
Seeley, Stephens and Tate
Slide 2.1Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 8: Nervous System
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The Reflex Arc
Slide 7.23Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Reflex rapid, involuntary responses tostimuli
Reflex arcOne kind of conductionpathway
Figure 7.11a
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The Reflex Arc
Slide 7.23Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Reflex Arc components:
Usually five (5), may be fewer
Receptor, sensory neuron, integrationcenter, motor neuron, effector
Figure 7.11a
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The Reflex Arc
Slide 7.23Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Reflex arcfrom receptor tointerneuron, to effector
Impulse may notgo to brain beforereflex occurs
Figure 7.11a
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Simple Reflex Arcs
Slide 7.24Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7.11b, c
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Types of Reflexes and Regulation
Slide 7.25Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Involuntary (Autonomic) reflexes:
Smooth muscle regulation
Heart and blood pressure regulationRegulation of glands (secretion)
Digestive system regulation
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Types of Reflexes and Regulation
Slide 7.25Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Somatic reflexes
Activation of skeletal musclesInvoluntary movement of a voluntarymuscle
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The Meninges
The meninges are layersof tissue that separate theskull and the brain.
Skull
Dura mater
Arachnoid Layer
Pia Mater
Brain
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External Brain Structures
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The Cerebrum
The largest portion of the brainis the cerebrum. It consists oftwo hemispheres that areconnected together at thecorpus callosum.
The cerebrum is often dividedinto five lobes that areresponsible for different brainfunctions.
Corpus callosum
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Lobes of the Cerebrum
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Slide 7.26Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
CNS develops from the embryonicneural tube
Two components:Brain
Spinal Cord
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Lobes of the Cerebrum, median view
Slide 7.29bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.15a
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Specialized Functions of Lobes
Slide 7.32aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Frontal Lobes:
Voluntary movement
ConcentrationPlanning
Problem-solving
Judging consequences of behavior
Brocas area: speech output
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Specialized Functions of Lobes
Slide 7.32aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parietal Lobes:
Sensations from skin: pressure,
temperature, touch,pain
Speech: use, understanding
Input of language Interpretation
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Specialized Functions of Lobes
Slide 7.32aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Temporal Lobes:
Interpretation of sound
Hearing
Interpretation of smell
Direct input from olfactory nerves
Limbic system
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Specialized Functions of Lobes
Slide 7.32aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Occipital Lobes:
Vision
Combining vision with other senses
Recognition of objects, individuals
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Specialized Functions of Lobes
Slide 7.32aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Insula:
fifth lobe
Hidden in lateral fissure
Monitors internal organs, i.e., heart
Responsible for aversions
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Specialized Area of the Cerebrum
Slide 7.32cCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.13c
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Layers of the Cerebrum
Slide 7.33aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gray matter
Outer layer
Composed ofneuron cell
bodies
Figure 7.13a
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Layers of the Cerebrum
Slide 7.33bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
White matter
Fiber tracts
deep to graymatter
myelinated
Example:corpus callosum
Figure 7.13a
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Layers of the Cerebrum
Slide 7.33cCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Basal nuclei internal islands ofgray matter
Buried in white matter ofhemispheres
Assist with posture, balance,
location of sound
Figure 7.13a
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Diencephalon
Slide 7.34aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sits above brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
Made of three parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus (with pineal body)
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Regions of the Brain
Slide 7.27Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Diencephalon di = through or
throughout
Figure 7.12
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Diencephalon
Slide 7.34bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.15
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Thalamus
Slide 7.35Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Surrounds the third ventricle
The relay station for sensory impulsesException: sense of smell
Transfers impulses to the the cortex forinterpretation
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Regions of the Brain
Slide 7.27Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thalamus
Figure 7.12
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Hypothalamus
Slide 7.36aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Under the thalamus Important autonomic nervous system
center
Helps regulate body temperatureControls water balance
Regulates metabolism
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Regions of the Brain
Slide 7.27Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hypothalamus
Figure 7.12
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Hypothalamus
Slide 7.36bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
An important part of the limbic system(emotions)
The pituitary gland is attached to thehypothalamus
Hypothalamus produces hormone releasing
factors Control anterior pituitary gland
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Epithalamus
Slide 7.37Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Forms the roof of the third ventricle
Houses the pineal body(an endocrinegland)
Includes the choroid plexus forms
cerebrospinal fluid
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Brain Stem
Slide 7.38aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Attaches brain to the spinal cord
Parts of the brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
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Brain Stem
Slide 7.38bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.15a
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Midbrain
Slide 7.39Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mostly composed of tracts of nervefibers (myelinated)
Has four rounded protrusions:corpora quadrigemina
Reflex centers for vision and hearing
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Pons
Slide 7.40Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pons means bridge
The bulging center part of the brain
stem Mostly composed of fiber tracts
Includes nuclei involved in the control ofbreathing
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Medulla Oblongata
Slide 7.41Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The most inferior part of the brain stem Attaches to the spinal cord
Houses control centers
Heart rate control
Blood pressure regulation
Breathing
Swallowing
Vomiting
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