reconstruction: north and south chapter 18. development in the north during the war, without...

Reconstruction:North and South

Chapter 18

• Development in the North • During the war, without southern opposition, US laws

became more friendly to business. • Morrill Tariff (Doubled import Tariff)• Transcontinental Railroad in the North• Morrill Land Grant

• Devastation in the South• Sherman’s March destroyed infrastructure• Property Value collapse, Confederate Money useless• Cotton and Rice production destroyed

The War’s Aftermath

• A Transformed South– Freed Slaves– White Southerners hated the North for imposing

new rules

• Legally Free, Socially Bound– Former slaves had no property, $$ or friends– Should former slaves be given land? Few

Northerners supported this.

The War’s Aftermath

The War’s Aftermath

• The Freedmen’s Bureau– Not an overly powerful group as congress did not

provide the Bureau with real power.• Provided clothing and food• Negotiated contracts with plantation owners and freed

slaves• Provided medical treatment• Set up some schools

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan

1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

* “loyal assemblies”

* They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number of

1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath (requirement to hold

office).

Vetoed by Lincoln – Lincoln believed that the South simply needed to get realigned with the rest of the US, not punished

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketVeto

PocketVeto

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The Assassination of Lincoln

• The Assassination of Lincoln – April 14, 1865

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

The Assassination of Lincoln

• Southern Intransigence– Once they were allowed to send representatives,

the South returned many Confederates to Congress, angering the Republicans, who demanded reform-minded legislators. Many southern states had enacted black codes designed to limit African Americans in their new freedom

Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?

Growing Northern Alarm!Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state constitutions

fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

Black CodesBlack Codes Purpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

14th Amendment14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Reconstructing the South

• The Triumph of Congressional Reconstruction– Johnson received a devastating defeat in the 1866 midterm election

for Congress as the Radical Republicans were returned with over a two-thirds majority.

– Congress would then embark on a new program designed to limit the power of the president and to exert control over Reconstruction.

– First, it declared that any state that had met previous guidelines to return to the Union was still in rebellion; second, it denied the power of the president to remove members of his cabinet

– In order to return to the Union, states had to craft new constitutions, provide universal male suffrage, and adopt the Fourteenth Amendment, after which Congress would consider allowing them to return. Until then, all of the South would be divided into five military districts controlled by governors.

© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

• The Impeachment and Trial of Johnson– Johnson and his secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, who had been appointed by

Lincoln, did not get along.– In 1867, Johnson removed Stanton from that position and tried to appoint

Grant. The Radical Republicans impeached Johnson on the grounds that he had violated the Tenure of Office Act, which they had passed in

– 1866. He would be impeached but would fall short of being removed from office by one vote. Johnson would seek the Democrat nomination in 1868 for his own term as president but would not receive it, and Grant would win the election as a Republican.

• Republican Rule in the South– By the end of 1870, all of the former Confederate states had met the

conditions for being readmitted, including ratifying the Fifteenth Amendment, which gave all men the right to vote.

Reconstructing the South

© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

• The Freed Slaves– Treatment by many Whites was still poor– Military training = Political Leaders– Churches formed foundation of African American

community – Religious and Social– Marriages carried out and families set up

• African Americans in Southern Politics– Few freed slaves in politics– Many African American’s moved from Northern cities to

work in politics

Reconstructing the South

SharecroppingSharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Black & White Political ParticipationBlack & White Political Participation

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

• “Carpetbaggers” and “Scalawags”– Two groups who gained new power in the South

• Carpetbaggers – Northerner’s who moved South• Scalawags – Southerners who supported Union

• The Radical Republican Record– Despite being despised by many whites in the south, the Radical

Republican’s left a legacy• 600,000 Black students• Railroads• Blacks had new rights

Reconstructing the South

© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

The Grant Years

• The Election of 1868– Although he had never held elected office before,

Grant would be elected president of the United States in 1868, based mainly on his victory in the Civil War. He was the youngest president at the time and was often blind to the forces of politics once in office and was awestruck by the wealth of some of his supporters.

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

• Election of 1876 – The country was in a Depression during the election of 1876. Close election between Republican, Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat, Samuel Tilden.

• The Compromise of 1877 – • Hayes strikes secret deal with Democrats in Senate to vote

him President if he removes all Federal troops from South.

The Grant Years

© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

• The End of Reconstruction– 1877 Hayes removes troops from Louisiana and

SC. Soon after Republican governments fall.– Hayes loses legitimacy as President– Civil rights in the South takes a giant step

backwards– In general, Reconstruction failed in the short term

but left a legacy of the 13th , 14th and 15th Amendments waiting to be upheld.

The Grant Years