reconstruction apush. 1. what was reconstruction?

RECONSTRUCTIONAPUSH

1. WHAT WAS RECONSTRUCTION?

ReconstructionThe time period from 1865-1877

that addressed 3 major issues… How the rebellious states would be

readmitted to the Union? What the civil status of the Confederacy’s

leaders would be? Jail? Could they vote? Could they hold office again?

What the legal and Constitutional status of the Freedmen (freed slaves) would be?

2. WHAT WAS LINCOLN’S PLAN FOR

RECONSTRUCTION?

Lincoln’s PlanProclamation of Amnesty &

Reconstruction Full presidential pardons to MOST southerners

who… Took oath of allegiance to Union and US Constitution Accepted emancipation of slaves (13th Amendment)

Ten Percent Plan President would recognize state governments once

10% of the white voters in that state took the loyalty oath

State constitution had to be rewritten to accept abolition of slavery

CONSIDERED LENIENT BY REPUBLICAN CONGRESS

3. WHAT WAS CONGRESS’ PLAN FOR

RECONSTRUCTION?

Congress’ PlanWade-Davis Bill

50% of voters had to take loyalty oath Anyone who had served in the

Confederacy officially (soldier/politician) could NOT vote for new constitution that abolished slavery

CONSIDERED TOO HARSH BY LINCOLN – HE POCKET VETOED IT

4. DID ANY RECONSTRUCTION

POLICIES PASS BEFORE LINCOLN’S

ASSASSINATION?

Yes…Freedmen’s Bureau (March 1865)

under General Oliver Howard Welfare agency for those made destitute

in war Food to 150,000 daily (1/3 were white)

Helped negotiate free labor contracts between white landowners and freed slaves

Tried to get minimum wage for ex-slaves Start of sharecropping

Greatest success: EDUCATION 3,000 schools for freedmen 200,000 freedmen learned how to read

5. WHAT ENDED THE POLITICAL STRUGGLE

BETWEEN LINCOLN AND CONGRESS OVER

RECONSTRUCTION?

Lincoln’s Assassination

6. WHO BECAME PRESIDENT AFTER

LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION?

Andrew Johnson

Andrew JohnsonDemocrat from TennesseeGood for the North because…

Only senator from Confederacy who remained loyal to Union

Came from poor background; hated rich plantation owners

Bad for the North because… He hated black people MORE than rich

plantation owners

7. WHAT WAS JOHNSON’S PLAN FOR

RECONSTRUCTION?

President Johnson’s PlanCalled Presidential

Reconstruction Implement Lincoln’s Plan AND…

Disenfranchise two groups Former Confederate leaders & officeholders Rich whites in South with more than $20,000

in property

Claimed right to grant individual pardons to anyone he pleased

8. WHY DID THE REPUBLICAN CONGRESS SOON HATE JOHNSON’S

PLAN?

Congressional Objection…President Johnson pardoned

nearly all Southerners, and many returned to power

9. WHAT POLICIES DID THE SOUTHERN STATES IMPLEMENT UNDER JOHNSON’S PLAN?

Policies Implemented by the SouthPro-North

Repudiated secession Ratified 13th Amendment

Pro-South Elected former Confederate leaders to

office Denied voting rights to blacks Adopted “Black Codes”

10. WHAT WERE THE BLACK CODES?

Black CodesProhibited blacks from renting or

buying landForced blacks to sign work

contracts that prohibited their free movement

Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court

11. HOW DID REPUBLICANS STOP JOHNSON'S PLAN?

Republicans won control of Congress

Republicans won control of Congress in 1866 with more than a 2/3 majority

Senate: 57 (R); 9 (D) House: 177 (R); 47 (D)

What did this mean??? Republicans could override ANY

Presidential veto of their plans THIS MEANT CONGRESS WOULD DETERMINE

RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES STARTS “RADICAL” OR “CONGRESSIONAL”

RECONSTRUCTION

CHECK POINT:GET YOUR CLICKERS READY

At the end of the Civil War, many white Southerners

A.reluctantly supported the federal governmentB.were ready to plan a future uprising against the United StatesC.declared themselves citizens of their states but not of the United StatesD.asked for pardons so that they could once again hold political office and voteE.still believed that their view of secession was correct and their cause was just

In the postwar South

A.the economy and social structure was utterly devastatedB.the emancipation of slaves had surprisingly little economic consequenceC.the much-feared inflation never materializedD.industry and transportation were damaged, but Southern agriculture continued to flourishE.poorer whites benefited from the end of plantation slavery

President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction

A.differed radically from Lincoln’sB.guaranteed former slaves the right to voteC.required that all former Confederate states ratify the Fourteenth AmendmentD.established literacy tests for voting in the SouthE.aimed at swift restoration of the southern states after a few basic conditions were met

The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union demonstrated

A.the deep differences between President Lincoln and CongressB.the close ties that were developing between President Lincoln and the DemocratsC.President Lincoln’s desire for a harsh reconstruction planD.that a Congressional majority believed that the South had never legally left the UnionE.the Republicans’ fear of re-admitting Confederate leaders to Congress

In 1865, Southern

A.whites quickly admitted they have been wrong in trying to secede and win Southern independenceB.whites rapidly turned their slaves into paid employeesC.blacks uniformly turned in anger and revenge against their former mastersD.blacks often began traveling to test their freedom, search for family members, and seek economic opportunityE.blacks looked to the federal government for help

In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised

A.rapid readmission of Southern states into the UnionB.former slaves the right to voteC.the restoration of the planter aristocracy to political powerD.severe punishment of Southern political and military leadersE.a plan to allow 10 percent of blacks to vote

12. WHAT WAS “RADICAL” RECONSTRUCTION?

Radical ReconstructionThe phase of Reconstruction that

was controlled by Congress, which was dominated at the time by the “radical” Republicans

1866-1876 Republicans dominated southern

governments

13. WHO WERE THE LEADING “RADICAL”

REPUBLICANS?

Radical Republican Leaders…Senate: Charles Sumner,

MassachusettsHouse: Thaddeus Stevens,

Pennsylvania

14. WHAT WAS THE OVERALL GOAL OF THE

“RADICAL” REPUBLICANS?

Radical Republican Goals…They wanted to revolutionize

(change) southern society by… Extending civil rights to freed slaves Educating blacks Redistributing land confiscated from

Confederate plantation owners to freed blacks

15. WHAT PIECES OF LEGISLATION COMPRISED

THE “RADICAL” REPUBLICAN PROGRAM?

Radical Republican Programs…A. Civil Rights Act of 1866B. 14th AmendmentC. Reconstruction Acts of 1867D. Tenure of Office ActE. 15th AmendmentF. Civil Rights Act of 1875

A. Civil Rights Act of 1866All African-Americans were legal

citizensSaid Black Codes were illegal

IGNORED IN THE SOUTH; SO RADICALS LOOKED TO

AMEND THE CONSTITUTION

B. 14th AmendmentAll persons born or naturalized in

the United States were citizensObligated states to respect the

rights of citizens by providing “equal protection of the laws” and “due process”

Required enfranchisement of black males or state could lose proportional # of reps and electoral votes

C. Reconstruction Acts of 186710 southern states divided into 5

military districtsUS Army registered voters for

election of delegates to constitutional convention

Enfranchised all males 21 or olderNew state constitutions had to…

Grant equal civil and political rights regardless of race

Ratified Fourteenth Amendment

D. Tenure of Office ActProhibited the President from

removing federal official without Congressional approval

Passed to protect “radical” Republicans in Johnson’s Cabinet (like Secretary of War Stanton)

President Johnson removes StantonPresident Johnson impeached by

Congress Tried in Senate “radicals” fell 1 vote short of removing him

E. 15th AmendmentProhibited any state from

denying a citizen’s right to vote based upon “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

F. Civil Rights Act of 1875Provisions…

Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places

Prohibited exclusion of blacks from juries

Success???◦NO…

Poorly enforced Democrats gaining power in Congress (majority

by 1875)

16. WHO COMPRISED THE REPUBLICAN STATE

GOVERNMENTS DURING “RADICAL”

RECONSTRUCTION?

Scalawags & CarpetbaggersScalawags: southern Republicans

Tended to be former Whigs; who wanted economic development and industrialization

Carpetbaggers: northern Republicans

Investors Missionaries Teachers Corrupt profit seekers

17. DID ANY AFRICAN AMERICANS GET ELECTED

TO THE US CONGRESS DURING

RECONSTRUCTION?

Yes…Senate (2)

Hiram Revels: Mississippi; took Jefferson Davis’ seat

Blanche Bruce

House (12)

Hiram Revels

18. WAS “RADICAL” REPUBLICAN

(CONGRESSIONAL) RECONSTRUCTION A

SUCCESS OR FAILURE?

Success or Failure???Successes:

Universal male suffrage Promoted building of infrastructure Asylums for handicapped State-run public schools Overhauled tax system

Failures: CORRUPTION

Politicians took many bribes BUT: THIS WAS HAPPENING IN THE NORTH TOO

19. WHAT DID THE FREED BLACKS DO TO ESTABLISH

INDEPENDENCE FROM WHITE CONTROL?

Independence…Established independent black churches

Negro Baptist Church African Methodist Episcopal Church

Established independent schools

Established independent black colleges Howard, Fisk, and Morehouse

Established black communities

20. HOW DID MOST BLACKS EARN A LIVING

AFTER SLAVERY?

Sharecropping…Landlord (white) provided seed

and tools while sharecropper (black) gave landlord 50% of harvest (typically)

Problem… By having to pay 50% of crop to landlord,

sharecropper never had enough left over to make substantial profit (if any)

Furnishing Merchant

Tenant Farmer Land Owner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Crop Lien System

21. WHAT WAS THE NORTH LIKE DURING

RECONSTRUCTION?

Corruption, Corruption, Corruption Credit Mobilier Affair

Railroad investors were stealing government money which was supposed to finance the railroad

Investors bribed Congressmen with free shares of railroad stock

William “Boss” Tweed Stole tax money from NYC public ($200 million) Exposed by The New York Times and Thomas Nast

Panic of 1873 Overproduction, under consumption = depression Called for paper money (Greenbacks) is denied

Boss Tweed

Boss Tweed

22. WHO WAS ELECTED IN 1868?

Ulysses S. GrantRepublicanWon only 300,000 more popular

votes500,000 blacks voted for himTHUS: most whites did NOT vote

for him

23. HOW DID SOUTHERN WHITES (REDEEMERS)

FIGHT “RADICAL” RECONSTRUCTION?

Mississippi Plan…“persuade” or intimidate…

White Republicans to vote Democrat

24. WHAT WAS THE PRINCIPLE GROUP THAT

IMPLEMENTED THE MISSISSIPPI PLAN?

Ku Klux Klan…Founded 1867 by Nathan Bedford

ForrestCongress passed Force Acts of

1870 and 1871 to crush Klan power

25. WHAT OFFICIALLY ENDED

RECONSTRUCTION?

The Compromise of 1877…Election of 1876

◦Tilden (Democrat) vs. Hayes (Republican)

Tilden carries 4 northern states and all southern states except the three states which were not reconstructed (SC, FL, and LA)

Republicans claim blacks intimidated into not voting in those states

All 3 given to Hayes Democrats refuse to concede, Congress split Electoral commission says Hayes wins!!!

26. WHAT WAS IN THE COMPROMISE OF 1877?

Compromise of 1877…Republicans

Hayes got Presidency

Democrats $ to rebuild levees on lower Mississippi

River $ for southern transcontinental Railroad Southerner as Postmaster General Withdrawal of remaining federal troops

from South

CHECK POINT:GET YOUR CLICKERS READY

___________ believed that the Southern states had completely left the Union and were therefore, “conquered provinces” that had to seek readmission on whatever terms Congress demanded.

A.War DemocratsB.The Supreme CourtC.President LincolnD.President JohnsonE.Congressional Republicans

The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed

A.citizenship and civil rights to freed slavesB.land for former slavesC.voting rights for former Confederates who had previously served in the US ArmyD.freed slaves the right to voteE.education to former slaves

Radical congressional Reconstruction of the South finally ended when

A.the South accepted the 13th, 14th, and 15th AmendmentsB.the last federal troops were removed in 1877C.President Johnson was not reelected in 1868D.the Supreme Court ruled in Ex parte Milligan that military tribunals could not try civiliansE.blacks showed they could defend their rights without federal intervention

The last of the Reconstruction era amendments to pass was the

A.TwelfthB.ThirteenthC.Fourteenth D.Fifteenth E.Eighteenth

The Ku Klux Klan could best be described as

A.an attempt to revive the ConfederacyB.the military arm of the southern Democratic partyC.a civic reform and service organizationD.a movement for openly protesting northern oppressionE.a secret terrorist organization

In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant

A.transformed his personal popularity into a large majority in the popular voteB.owed his victory to the votes of former slavesC.gained his victory by winning the votes of the majority of whitesD.demonstrated his political skillE.all of these

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

A.a renewal of the Republican commitment to protect black civil rights in the SouthB.the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the SouthC.the election of a Democrat to the presidencyD.Republican support for an inflationary sliver-money policyE.a plan to build the first transcontinental railroad

In adopting the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress was primarily concerned with

A.protecting the powers of the southern state governments established under Andrew JohnsonB.protecting legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slavesC.ending slaveryD.guaranteeing all citizens the right to voteE.establishing the Freedmen’s Bureau

All of the following led Congress to impose Radical Reconstruction measures EXCEPT the

A.enactment of Black Codes by southern legislaturesB.outbreak of race riots in New Orleans and MemphisC.massive exodus of former slaves from the SouthD.election of former Confederates to CongressE.response of southern legislatures to the 14th Amendment

During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the

A.creation of large commercial and banking centersB.spread of sharecroppingC.rise of large-scale commercial farmingD.decline of the textile industryE.emergence of the cotton economy

Which of the following occurred during Radical Reconstruction?

A.the passage of the Black CodesB.a permanent shift of Southern voters to the Republican PartyC.the creation of a new industrial base in a majority of Southern statesD.the formation of the Ku Klux KlanE.widespread redistribution of confiscated land to former slaves