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RECOGNIZING MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES IN OLDER ADULTS
Fuqua Center for Late-Life DepressionEmory University
Jocelyn Chen Wise, LCSW, MPH
What is the Fuqua Center for Late-Life Depression?
Mr. JB Fuqua Emory University School of Medicine
Purpose
Describe three conditions commonly seen among older adults.
Goal
Audience learns to recognize signs and symptoms of these conditions.
Audience feels better equipped to take first steps toward treatment for these conditions.
Case study
Ms. Smith is a 74 year old, African American, retired teacher who lives independently. Recently, she’s been looking tired and is less talkative than usual. Ms. Smith denies feeling sad but reports that she has “bad nerves.” She explains that she has trouble sleeping due to getting up frequently to use the bathroom at night. Her adult daughter reports that Ms. Smith has had difficulty remembering things lately like appointments and names.
What could be going on?
The Three D’s Dementia Depression Delirium
Under-recognized, under-treated Often occur simultaneously with
overlapping symptoms
DEPRESSION
What is Depression?
A physical disorder of the brain Impacts more than 6.5 million people
age 65+ Not a normal part of aging High rates of depression among people who
have had heart attack, cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes
20% of persons with Alzheimer’s The most common treatable risk factor for
Alzheimer’sBlazer DG. Depression in late life: review and commentary. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003. Andreescu et al, American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2007.Lenze et al, Depression and Anxiety, 2001.
Symptoms of Major Depression
Core symptoms: 1) Depressed mood and/or 2) Lack of interest
Other symptoms Feelings of worthlessness or guilt Poor concentration or ability to make decisions Fatigue Agitation or retardation Problems with sleep Change in weight or appetite Recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation
Suicide Rate by Age, Sex, and Raceusing National 1999-2010 data
National Center for Health Statistics, CDC Wonder
Risk Factors for Suicide
Mental health diagnosis, particularly depression and substance abuse
Age Chronic illness or pain Previous attempts or family history of
suicide Recent loss of loved one History of impulsive behavior (alcohol,
drugs, lack of responsibility)
Myths and Facts About Suicide
Asking about suicide may give someone the idea to kill themselves.
The opposite is true. Asking someone directly about their suicidal feelings will often lower their anxiety level and act as a deterrent to suicide.
MYTH FACT
Myths and Facts About Suicide
Most people who kill themselves give definite warning signs of their suicidal intentions.
Talking about suicide is usually a cry for help.
FACT MYTH
8 out of 10 give signs. All threats and attempts should be taken seriously.
Is Late-Life Depression Different?
May not endorse sadness, rather irritability or “nerves” Hard to explain feelings Stigma Cultural beliefs
Somatic or physical complaints more common
More problems with cognition
Gallo JJ et al. Depression without sadness: functional outcomes of nondysphoric depression in later life. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997 May;45(5):570-8.
Screening for Depression
Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) Cornell Depression Scale for Depression
in Dementia Relies on input from family or caregivers
Depression Screening: PHQ-9
Depression Screening: PHQ-9
PHQ-9 Scoring
PHQ-9
Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9)
http://phqscreeners.comor
http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/images/res/PHQ%20-%20Questions.pdf
Free and available to public
DEMENTIA
Definition of Dementia
A chronic and progressive loss of intellectual functions severe enough to interfere with everyday life.
Bonifas, R. Depression, Dementia, and Delirium Teaching Module. CSWE Gero Education Center. Arizona State University.
Dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease60-80% Vascular dementia
Lewy Body dementiaParkinson’s dementia
Frontotemporal dementia
Types of Dementia
What is Alzheimer’s Disease? Begins gradually Progression different for everyone Symptoms
Forget recent events Have difficulty performing familiar tasks Confusion Personality and behavioral changes Impaired judgment Communication difficulties
Changes that can come with dementia
Memory Language: voice and written Sensory perception: vision, hearing, touch,
taste, smell Organization: sequencing Abstraction Attention / concentration Judgment Changes in personality Loss of initiative
Screening Tools
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)http://www.mocatest.org
Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE)
Mini-Cog: clock draw, orientationhttp://www.alz.org/documents_custom/minicog.pdf
DELIRIUM
What is Delirium?
A mental disturbance characterized by sudden changes in mental functioning or acute confusion and fluctuating levels of consciousness.
Delirium is the most acute condition of the three D’s and is a true medical emergency.
Bonifas, R. Depression, Dementia, and Delirium Teaching Module. CSWE Gero Education Center. Arizona State University.
Symptoms of Delirium
Disorganized thinking Disorientation to time and place Reduced level of attention (drowsiness) Person may fall asleep during an interview Increased or decreased psychomotor activity Apathy - sometimes mistaken for depression Increased agitation Disturbances in sleep cycle
Bonifas, R. Depression, Dementia, and Delirium Teaching Module. CSWE Gero Education Center. Arizona State University.
Types of Delirium
1. Hyperactive: psychomotor agitation, increased arousal and delusions, may see some cognitive impairment
2. Hypoactive: withdrawal, lethargy and reduced arousal
3. Mixed: Characteristics of both
Bonifas, R. Depression, Dementia, and Delirium Teaching Module. CSWE Gero Education Center. Arizona State University.
Criteria for Delirium Diagnosis Four criteria are assessed in diagnosing
delirium. Delirium diagnosis includes:1. Acute onset and fluctuating course and
2. Inattention, then either 3. Disorganized thinking or4. Altered level of consciousness
Bonifas, R. Depression, Dementia, and Delirium Teaching Module. CSWE Gero Education Center. Arizona State University.
Causes of Delirium
The primary causes are underlying medical conditions, medications, or drug withdrawal: Infections: urinary tract infections, pneumonia Reaction to prescribed medications or illicit drugs Low blood pressure Head injuries or falls Dehydration Alcohol withdrawal Sensory deprivation (often experienced by
hospitalized seniors, those having hearing impairments, or other sensory input limitations)
Bonifas, R. Depression, Dementia, and Delirium Teaching Module. CSWE Gero Education Center. Arizona State University.
Why is delirium an emergency? 1 year mortality rate is 35-40% Often there is an underlying medical
issue causing delirium Check for adequate treatment
Bonifas, R. Depression, Dementia, and Delirium Teaching Module. CSWE Gero Education Center. Arizona State University.
SEEKING TREATMENT
Red Flags
Sudden change in cognitive status Feeling suicidal Violent Recent hospitalization Medicine changes
Emergency Treatment
911 Hospital or Emergency Room Primary care physician
Georgia Crisis & Access Linehttp://www.mygcal.com
1-800-715-422524 hour hotline of mental health professionals available
to discuss situation, find clinics or hospitals based on insurance and geography, or send mobile assessment
team
Non-emergency Treatment
Medical doctor Primary care Neurologist Psychiatrist
Talk therapist (does not prescribe medicine) Psychologist Marriage and family therapist (MFT) Licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) Licensed professional counselor (LPC)
Evaluation
Psychosocial history Medical evaluation
Lab tests Medical history
Substance use assessment Collateral information!
Laboratory Tests
TESTS Rule out…
Urinalysis Kidney dysfunction, toxic encephalopathy
CBC, sedimentation rate, electrolytes Anemia, electrolyte imbalance
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine, liver function test
Liver dysfunction
Thyroid function Thyroid dysfunction
Serum B 12 Vitamin deficiency
Syphilis serology Syphilis
HIV test AIDS dementia
Neuroimaging studies: CT or MRI Tumor, subdural hematomas, abscess, stroke, or hydrocephalus
Summary
Dementia Delirium Depression
Onset Gradual Acute Recent
Reversibility Usually irreversible (95%)
Usually reversible (90%)
Reversible with treatment
Alertness Usually constant
Inattention is more common
Often c/o memory loss
Other info Collateral information
Patients with dementia are at higher risk for delirium
Evaluate for family history of depression
Tips
Accompanied to medical appointment Bring current medications Let the clinician know what you are concerned
about Call the medical office if don’t see improvement
or if gets worse Request an order for a home health nurse or
social worker Make sure medical office understands the level
of care the person has (or doesn’t have) at home
Starting the Conversation
Listen nonjudgmentally Give reassurance and information Encourage professional help Encourage self-help Assess for risk of suicide or harm
Encouraging Professional Help “Have you felt this way before?” “Was there something or someone that
helped you in the past?” “Would you be ok speaking to someone
about what’s going on?”
Mental Health Services in Georgia
www.fuquacenter.org
Questions?
Thanks!
Fuqua Center for Late-Life DepressionJocelyn Chen Wise
Office: 404-712-6943jchen86@emory.edu
www.fuquacenter.org
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