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Lighting and Controls --Concepts and Importance

Sandy McCardellCurrent-c Energy Systems, Inc.

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Lighting terminology• Fixtures or Luminaires

– Variety of types, new and retrofit• Lamps

– The “tubes” which go in the fixtures; T12, T8, T5, T8HO, etc.• Ballasts

– The controls for FL lamps; new longer life ballasts can last up to 5 years• Footcandle (FC)

– Measurement of light intensity, usually at eye level• Lumens

– Measurement of light output• CFL

– Compact Fluorescent lamps; can be grouped for intense light as well• HPS

– High pressure sodium lamps, yellow light; primarily used in outdoor applications as their re-strike time is long

• MH– Long re-strike time, white light, have been the “standard” high wattage lamps until the new fluorescent

technology was developed

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Lighting Terminology (cont’d)• Footcandle (FC)

– Measurement of light intensity, usually at eye level• Lumens

– Measurement of light output• Efficacy (lumens per watt)

– The higher the efficacy the better.• Color Temperature

– Choose “white” light sources between 3000K (“warm”) and 4100K (“cool”). Consider 5000K (cold) for studios.

• Color Rendering Index– Measures light source quality. – Where color is important choose light sources with CRI > 85.

• Lamp Life– Choose lamps with the maximum life possible to minimize maintenance.

• System Costs– Choose systems that employ efficient lamps and ballasts.

Design Lighting for Human Needs

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Facility Lighting Issues

• Lighting accounts for 40% of electricity usage and costs

• Lighting & HVAC at full output when building at low or no occupancy

• Uncontrolled lighting results in substantial energy waste

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Good Lighting and Controls:• Are efficient and lower energy costs• Lower pollutants in the atmosphere• Raise productivity• Lower operational costs• Improve the work area• Are easy to maintain• Generate funds for productive use• Increase asset value• Enhance Occupant convenience

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What does lighting REALLY cost?• Fixtures and lamps 4%• Maintenance 8%• Energy 88%

…Of the total lifetime cost of the lamp

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Areas of Lighting Design Focus• Visibility• Task performance• Mood and atmosphere• Visual comfort• Aesthetics• Social interaction• Health, safety, well-being• Integrate human needs,

architecture, lighting, and energy efficiency

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Visibility Task Performance

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Mood and atmosphere

Visual Comfort

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Aesthetics

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Social Interaction Health and Safety

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The Lighting Design Challenge: • Balancing and

Integrating:– Human Needs– Architecture– Lighting– Energy Efficiency

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The Larger Design Challenge:• Balancing and Integrating

Lighting Design with Economics and the Environment– High performance technology and

techniques– First cost vs. long term “better”

solutions– Increasing understanding and

importance of health issues

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Long-term “Better” Solutions• Visibility and Design

– New fixtures are very appealing– Direct / indirect systems provide good visibility and architectural interest

• Energy Efficiency– Lighting energy costs are among the largest utility costs of most non-industrial

buildings.– Modern designs can use 50% of the energy of 1980s and early 1990s designs.

• Lighting Maintenance– Modern lighting systems can have 50% lower maintenance costs.

• Lamp Disposal– Low Mercury lamps reduce environmental risk and liability.

• Better Exterior Lighting– Prevents light pollution and light trespass.

Lighting can be beautiful, efficient, better for the building occupants, and better for the environment

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Lighting Design Pallette

• Primary Lighting Sources– Daylight– Fluorescent Lights

• Supplemental Lighting Sources– CFL– Metal Halide– LED

• Special Use Lighting– LED / Exit signs– Outdoor – Signage– Architectural– Security

• Controls

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The variety of lighting products is astounding

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Light Source ApplicationsSpecial &

Utility (Indoors)

Display & Mood

(Indoors)

Linear Fluorescent

Compact Fluorescent

Metal Halide

LED

General (Indoor)

Outdoor Lighting

+ + +

++ + +

+ + ++

+ + +

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Daylighting

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Integrated day-lighting designHolistic design includes:

• Structure

• HVAC

• Daylight

• Electric Light

•Lighting controls

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Linear Fluorescent Lamps

• T-8 Second Generation or “Super” Lamps

– 93 MLPW vs. 83 MLPW for ordinary T-8

– 85+ CRI.– 30,000 hour lamp life on program

start electronic ballasts.• T-5 HO

– 80 MLPW.– 83+CRI.– 20,000 hours life.

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T12 Vs T8T12 T8

Watts 40 32Initial Lumens 3350 2950Mean Lumens 3050 2800

Mean LPW 76.3 87.5Lumen Maintenance 78% 90%

CRI 80 86

The T8 gave us a 15% improvement in efficacy whileimproving on lumen maintenance and color rendering.

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Maintained Lumens SystemLamp at 8000 hrs Wattage*

4 - T5/HO lamps 18,600 lm 234 W1 - M250/U 13, 500 lm 295 W1 - M250/PS 17,000 lm 288 W

6 - T5/HO lamps 27,900 lm 351 W1 - M400/U 23,500 lm 460 W1 - M400/PS 31,000 lm 452W

Advantages: No color shift, compatible with occupancy sensors, and instant on

* Impact of fixture design on performance not included

T5HO Vs High HID

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Compact Fluorescent Light Output Equivalency

15 - watts 60 - watts

20 - watts 75 - watts

23 - watts 90 - watts

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• Applications: downlights, wall washers, wall sconces, table lamps, floor lamps, pendants, low and high-bay industrial/sports lighting

CFL Systems

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LEDs• Technology and applications expanding rapidly• Exit Signs:

– Unless otherwise required by code use LED exit signs.

– Red or green depending on local authorities. – Use very low power making them especially

easy to equip with their own backup battery, but do not include downlight egress light

• Traffic Signals– Significantly less energy use– Brighter than incandescents– Long life reduces operations and maintenance

costs• Signage

– LEDs are both much more flexible and energy efficient than neon lights

• Building highlights– LEDs provide excellent and energy efficient

architectural accents

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Lighting Controls –reduce wasted lighting & increase asset valueEnergy Savings = Increased Asset Value

Per Sq.ft.Cost of Automatic lighting controls $0.35Annual Savings $0.18“Payback” 2.0 yearsAnnual ROI 56%Net Operating Income Increase $0.18Asset Value Increase (at 10% Cap Rate) $1.80Increase in asset value per 100,000 sq. ft $180,0000.00

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Lighting Controls -- Design Principles• Switches

– A minimum requirement• Occupancy (Motion) Sensors

– Can be used in most interior spaces.• Time Controls

– Used where predictable scheduling is possible.• Manual Dimmers

– For A/V spaces and other rooms where manual adjustments make sense.• Photoelectric controls

– Dimming, switching lights on/off in response to daylight.

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Integrating Controls with Daylight• Ensure harvesting of available daylighting.

– Use daylighting controls.– Study spaces to determine appropriate daylight amounts.

• Provide daylight glare management.– Determine direct solar glare situations.– Design manual or automatic blinds or other means of

reducing the direct solar exposure glare and excessive light levels and heat gain.

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Lighting Controls -- Basic Principles• Turn off lights when spaces

are not in use.• Turn off lights when there is

adequate daylight.• Dim lights if daylight levels

vary.• Dim lights when task lighting

is used.

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3 Main Types of Automatic Lighting Controls provide excellent energy savings:

• Daylighting devices 16 – 30%• Panel / Computer controls 18 – 30%• Occupancy sensors 30 – 80%

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Control Panels• Automatically turn off, turn on, or dim

lights• Applications:

– Open Office Space– Lobbies / Auditoriums– Security, parking lots

• Benefits– Adapts to predictable Occupancy– Facilitates use of load shedding

programs– Predictable savings

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Time Controls• Timer Switches

– Mechanical or Electronic Time Out.• Time Clocks

– Mechanical or Electronic Time Trips.• Lighting Relay Panels

– For automatic time controls of large and/or complex facilities, especially schools.

• Building Energy Management Systems and Building Automation Systems– Integrate lighting relay panel operation with

HVAC and other building systems.

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Dimmers• Manual Dimmers

– For single rooms and single circuits.• Preset Dimmers

– For A/V spaces and social spaces.• Dimming Systems

– For managing large facilities and integrated systems.

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Occupancy (Motion) Sensors• Types

– Passive Infrared (PIR.)– Active Ultrasound.– Dual Technology (PIR+Ultrasound or

PIR+Audible Sound).• Applications

– Private offices.– Open Offices.– Conference Rooms.– Restrooms.– Storage areas (on-off and high-low).– Halls and Lobbies (off-hour override).

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PIR Sensor Placement• Sensor must be able to see the

coverage area• Partitions and bookshelves will prevent

detection in blocked area• Should be placed so as not to have a

view out the door

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Ultrasonic Best Applications• Open office spaces• Conference rooms• Restrooms • Enclosed hallways• Large areas controlled in zones

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DT-200

30'

30'

Dual Technology Advantages• Effective occupancy detection capabilities in

tough applications• Maximal sensitivity without false ONs• Complete coverage definition• Choice of logic configurations

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Energy Savings• Offices 15-70%• Conference rooms 5-24%• Restrooms 30-75%• Classrooms 20-75%• Storage areas 45-65%• Warehouses 25-75%• Open office spaces 5-25%

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Thank You!

(Questions?)