reactions and reforms of land based empires

Land-based empires:Land-based empires:Middle East, Asia and RussiaMiddle East, Asia and Russia

1750-19001750-1900

Begin to decline…Begin to decline…

Had been military powers in the past, but Had been military powers in the past, but industrial nations became more powerfulindustrial nations became more powerful

Internal issues:Internal issues:– Population pressuresPopulation pressures– FamineFamine– Government corruptionGovernment corruption– Peasant rebellionsPeasant rebellions

RussiaRussia

Russia’s Transcontinental Expansion: From Europe to the Pacific

Catherine the Great – 1762-96Catherine the Great – 1762-96““enlightened despot” = absolute ruler, enlightened despot” = absolute ruler, yet supported enlightenment ideasyet supported enlightenment ideas

Resisted major reforms and kept Russia Resisted major reforms and kept Russia in Feudal age in Feudal age

Economy based on serfdomEconomy based on serfdom

Russian ReformsRussian Reforms– Following Crimean War - 1853Following Crimean War - 1853

Need to modernizeNeed to modernize

Emancipated serfs 1861Emancipated serfs 1861

Begin to restructure toward blend of agricultural Begin to restructure toward blend of agricultural and industrial strengthand industrial strength

IndustrializationIndustrialization–State-sponsored State-sponsored –Much foreign investmentMuch foreign investment– Railroads = largest industryRailroads = largest industry– Trans-Siberian Railroad = longest in worldTrans-Siberian Railroad = longest in world

Crimean War: Showed weakness of Russians and Ottomans

Russian ReformsRussian ReformsIndustrialization/Railroads contIndustrialization/Railroads cont’d’d

–Supported other industries: coal + steelSupported other industries: coal + steel–Aided ag. exportsAided ag. exports– Railroads = largest industryRailroads = largest industry– Trans-Siberian Railroad = longest in worldTrans-Siberian Railroad = longest in world

Socially Socially Expanded education, literacyExpanded education, literacyNo significant middle class createdNo significant middle class createdSeeds of discontent planted among lower classesSeeds of discontent planted among lower classes

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire“Sick Man of Europe”“Sick Man of Europe”

““Contraction of an Empire”Contraction of an Empire”

Greece Greece – Independence – 1830Independence – 1830

Serbia Serbia – Independence – 1867Independence – 1867

N. AfricaN. Africa– Early 1900sEarly 1900s

Ottoman Contraction – Regions breaking away from Ottoman Empire

EgyptEgypt– Muhammad Ali – Modernizes EgyptMuhammad Ali – Modernizes Egypt

Break from Ottoman control – Not independentBreak from Ottoman control – Not independent

Modernized through foreign investment Modernized through foreign investment

Industrialized Egypt – cotton textilesIndustrialized Egypt – cotton textiles

Planned Suez CanalPlanned Suez Canal

Independence in 1882 with British occupationIndependence in 1882 with British occupation

Suez CanalBritish Control

Why?

Crimean War (1853-1854)Crimean War (1853-1854)– Showed Ottoman weaknessShowed Ottoman weakness

Ottoman Empire unable to defend itself against Ottoman Empire unable to defend itself against RussiaRussia

Needed Brit. & Fr. to help themNeeded Brit. & Fr. to help them

ReformsReforms–TanzimatTanzimat “reorganization” = “reorganization” =

1830s1830sEuropean style schools establishedEuropean style schools established

Military trainingMilitary training

French legal codes instead of ShariFrench legal codes instead of Shari’a ’a lawlaw

ChinaChina

Qing Empire – Qing Empire – “last dynasty of China”“last dynasty of China”– McCartney ExpeditionMcCartney Expedition

Great Britain's attempts to open more trade with Great Britain's attempts to open more trade with ChinaChina

Opium TradeOpium Trade– Grown cheaply in IndiaGrown cheaply in India– Government ban led to 2 wars with Britain in Government ban led to 2 wars with Britain in

1840s.1840s.– Britain won:Britain won:

Signed Treaty of Nanking – Signed Treaty of Nanking – “Unfair Treaties”“Unfair Treaties”– Britain wins war – gets Britain wins war – gets Hong Kong Hong Kong island for a term of 99 yearisland for a term of 99 year– Hong Kong was returned to China in Hong Kong was returned to China in 19971997

Imperialism in China – spheres of influence Imperialism in China – spheres of influence – Ports controlled by foreign nations Ports controlled by foreign nations

The Opium Wars: European Drug Pushers

The flower that upset the balance of global trade

Opium Harvesting

Opium DenOpium Den

Opium DenOpium Den

The Opium Wars in China

Civil War in ChinaCivil War in China– Taiping RebellionTaiping Rebellion

Internal rebellions after loss to Great BritainInternal rebellions after loss to Great Britain

Reforms of Taiping:Reforms of Taiping:– Abolishing private propertyAbolishing private property– Prohibiting foot bindingProhibiting foot binding– Free public educationFree public education– Democratic political institutionsDemocratic political institutions

Rebellion unsuccessfulRebellion unsuccessful

20-30 million people lost lives20-30 million people lost lives

Self-strengthening movement Self-strengthening movement – late 1800s– late 1800s– Recognized inability to compete with West.Recognized inability to compete with West.– Modernize = railroad, factories and western Modernize = railroad, factories and western

technologiestechnologies

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion in 1900 in 1900Rebellion against Rebellion against “foreign devils”“foreign devils”

form form “Society of the Harmonious Fists” – became known “Society of the Harmonious Fists” – became known as as boxersboxers

Against foreigners and Christian Chinese Against foreigners and Christian Chinese

Western forces sent troops and put an end to the Western forces sent troops and put an end to the rebellion. rebellion.

Foreign troops suppress Boxer Rebellion

Boxer Rebellion VideoBoxer Rebellion Video

Safari MontageSafari Montage

Crash Course Crash Course

JapanJapan

Meiji RestorationMeiji Restoration

Internal Problems

By early 19th century, Japanese society was in turmoil– Declining agricultural productivity– Periodic crop failures, famine, and starvation– Harsh taxes on peasants– West arrives demanding trade with Japan

Challenge of the West

Arrival of Matthew Perry (1853)– Unequal Treaties

Similar to the treaties signed by the Qing dynasty

– Perry’s “Black Ships” steam into Tokyo Bay

– Force the Japanese to establish trade and diplomatic relations with the U.S.

Japanese depiction of Admiral Matthew Perry

Internal ConflictShogunate’s deals with West viewed as dishonorable– Popular slogan: “Revere the emperor, expel

the barbarians”

Civil wars between supporters of emperor and supporters of the shogun– January 3, 1868, the Shogunate was

destroyed; emperor restored.

Modernization: Meiji Restoration

Abolish feudal order– Administrative districts replace feudal domains– Daimyo removed from power– Samurai class is abolished

Constitutional government– Constitution of 1889 based on German model

Establishes constitutional monarchy with legislature

– Emperor commanded armed forces, named prime minister, and appoint the cabinet

Left: Structure of Meiji Governement; Above:

Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor

Modernization: Meiji Restoration

Constitutional government (con’d)– Recognized individual rights

Could limit rights in the interest of the state

– Suffrage limitedOnly 5% of population could vote in 1890 election

Japanese industrialization– Modernize transportation, communication,

and education– Sold government businesses to private

investors

Modernization: Meiji Restoration

Japanese industrialization (con’d)– Creation of Zaibatsu

Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful familiesMany companies started by men of samurai origins

Social Developments

Role of women– Maintain inferiority of women in the home– High-school education for women (1899)– Silk industry relied upon women working in

factories

Japanese Imperialism

Sino-Japanese War– Japan gains influence

over Korea

Russo-Japanese War– Japan’s navy leads to

victory over Russia

Japan annexes Korea in 1910

Japanese Japanese ImperialismImperialism

Crash CourseCrash Course