range and doppler
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Range & DopplerAccuracy
by Ramya R
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Doppler Effect
Outline
Definition
Basic concept
Relation b/n Source and Observer
How a Doppler Radar works
Range and accuracy relation
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Doppler Shift:A frequency shift in electromagnetic waves due to the motion of scatters toward or away from
Analogy: The Doppler shift for sound waves is the change in frequency one detects as race caapproach and then recede from a stationary observer
Doppler Radar:
A radar that can determine the frequency shift through measurement of the phase change
that occurs in electromagnetic waves during a series of pulses
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Basic Concepts The apparent change in the frequency due to the relative motion between th
and the observer is known as Doppler effect.
Three main things are our consideration here
Source
Observer
Whether the source is moving towards or away or stationary from
observer
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Stationary Sound SourceSound waves are produced at a constant frequency f
0, and the wavefront
symmetrically away from the source at a constant speed v, which is the
sound in the medium. The distance between wavefronts is the waveleng
observers will hear the same frequency, which will be equal to the actua
of the source.
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Source moving with vsource < vsoundHere also the same sound source is radiating sound
waves at a constant frequency in the same medium.However, now the sound source is moving to the
right. The wave fronts are produced with the same
frequency as before. However, since the source is
moving, the center of each new wave front is now
slightly displaced to the right. As a result, the wave
fronts begin to bunch up on the right side (in front
of) and spread further apart on the left side (behind)
of the source. An observer in front of the source
will hear a higher frequencyf >f0, and an observer
behind the source will hear a lower frequencyf
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Source moving with vsource = vsound
Now the source is moving at the speed of sound in the medium. The
speed of sound in air at sea level is about 340 m/s or about 750 mph.The wavefronts in front of the source are now all bunched up at the
same point. As a result, an observer in front of the source will detect
nothing until the source arrives.The pressure front will be quite
intense (a shock wave), due to all the wavefronts adding together, and
will not be percieved as a pitch but as a "thump" of sound as the
pressure wall passes by.
Jet pilots flying at Mach 1 report that there is a noticeable
"wall" or "barrier" which must be penetrated before
achieving supersonic speeds. This "wall" is due to the intense
pressure front, and flying within this pressure front produces
a very turbulent and bouncy ride.
(Mach 1breaking the
http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/doppler/mach1.html -
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Source moving with vsource > vsound
The sound source has now broken through the sound speed barrier, and is traveling at 1.4 times
speed of sound .Since the source is moving faster than the sound waves it creates, it actually leads
the advancing wavefront. The sound source will pass by a stationary observer before the observer
actually hears the sound it creates.
. The figure shows a bullet travelling at velocity greater than velocity of sound. The mach cone
wave fronts are very noticeable.
(Mach 1.4 -
http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/doppler/bullet-3.gif -
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The picture at the left shows the shock wave front generated by
a T-38 Talon, a twin-engine, high-altitude, supersonic jet trainer
(below).
This picture shows a sonic boom created by the
team car as it broke the land speed record (and a
sound barrier on land).
http://www.af.mil/news/factsheets/T_38_Talon.htmlhttp://www.af.mil/news/factsheets/T_38_Talon.htmlhttp://www.af.mil/news/factsheets/T_38_Talon.htmlhttp://www.af.mil/news/factsheets/T_38_Talon.htmlhttp://www.radartutorial.eu/11.coherent/pic/doppler8.big.gif -
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Doppler Radar:
A radar that can determine the frequency shift through measureme
the phase change that occurs in electromagnetic waves during a series
pulses
If both the source and the receiver of the sound remain stationary,
the same frequency sound produced by the source. This is because threceiving the same number of waves per second that the
source is producing.
w can we relate Doppler Effect to a
http://www.radartutorial.eu/11.coherent/pic/doppler8.big.gif -
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Now, if either the source or the receiver or both move towardreceiver will perceive a higher frequency sound. This is becau
receiver will receive a greater number of sound waves per sec
interpret the greater number of waves as a higher frequency
Conversely, if the source and the receiver are moving apart, thwill receive a smaller number of sound waves per second and
a lower frequency sound. In both cases, the frequency of the
produced by the source will have remained constant
w can we relate Doppler Effect to a
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Calculation of Doppler frequency formulaeFor example, the frequency of the whistle on a fast-moving car s
increasingly higher in pitch as the car is approaching than when departing. Although the whistle is generating sound waves of a c
frequency, and though they travel through the air at the same vel
all directions, the distance between the approaching car and the l
decreasing. As a result, each wave has less distance to travel
to reach the observer than the wave preceding it.Thus, the waves arrive with decreasing intervals of time between
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In pulse radar, the modulation of the carrier frequency is a periodic se
rectangular pulses.
The frequency spectrum of the transmitted signal is a comb-shaped li
line spacing of the spectrum is equal to thepulse repetition frequency
cannot be separated by a simple amplitude comparison.
The received frequency spectrum (subject to theDoppler Effect) can o
unambiguous velocity measurements when the displacement of the re
is smaller than the line spacing in the spectrum i.e., the Doppler frequ
lower than the pulse repetition frequency fPRF.
http://www.radartutorial.eu/18.explanations/ex36.en.htmlhttp://www.radartutorial.eu/11.coherent/co06.en.htmlhttp://www.radartutorial.eu/11.coherent/co06.en.htmlhttp://www.radartutorial.eu/18.explanations/ex36.en.html -
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