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Extraoral Radiographic Anatomy

Mark Gil Q. Virtudes, DMD

College of Dentistry

Manila Central University 

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Lateral Oblique Projection

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Lateral Oblique

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Lateral Oblique Projection

The film is placed against the side ofthe patient’s face

X-ray beam is directed postero-

anteriorly from the opposite side

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Lateral Oblique Projection

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 A. Maxillary tuberosity

B. Lower border ofmandible (side away

from film)C. Mental foramen

D. Superior border oftongue

E. Styloid process

F. Mandibular canal

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 A. Zygomatic process of

maxilla

B. Vertrebral column

C. Lower border of

mandible (side closer to

film)

D. Zygoma

E. Zygomatic arch

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 A. Lower border of orbit

B. Neck of condyle

C. Vertebral column

D. Hyoid bone

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Lateral Head

Projection

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Lateral Head

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Lateral Skull

Midsagittal plane of the patient’s headis parallel to the film

X-ray beam is perpendicular to the film

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Lateral Head

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 A= Frontal sinus

B= Floor of the anterior cranial fossa

C= Anterior clinoid process

D= Posterior clinoid process

E= Pituitary fossa

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 A= Nasal bone

B= Zygomatic process of the maxilla closer to the film

C= Ethmoid sinus

D= Pterygomaxillary fissure

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 A= Orbital plates of frontal bone

B= Orbit

C= Sphenoid sinus

D= Cross section of the greater wing of the sphenoid (ant. wall

of middle cranial fossa)

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 A= Zygomatic process of the maxilla closer to the film

B= Zygomatic process of the maxilla further to the film

C= Dorsal border of tongue

D= Pterygoid plate complex

E= Soft palate

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 A= Hard palate

B= Lingual cortical plate of mandible (anterior part)

C= Nasopharynx

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Postero-Anterior

Projection

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PA Skull Projection

Midsagittal plane of the head isperpendicular to the film

Forehead and the nose touch the film

X-ray beam is perpendicular to the film

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 A= Orbital plate of frontal bone

B= Frontal spine

C= Sup. border of orbit

D= Sphenoid sinus

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 A= Lacrimal canal B= Middle nasal concha

C= Vomer

D= Mastoid air cells

E= Atlas-occipital condyle articulation

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 A= Zygomatic process of maxilla

B= Anterior border of ascending ramus

C= Coronoid process

D= Odontoid process of axis

E= Maxillary tuberosity

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 A= Inferior nasal concha B= Inferior nasal meatus

C= Occipital condyle

D= Maxillary sinus

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 A= Wall of nasal fossa

B= Angle of the mandible

C= Body of the mandible

D= Maxillary sinus

E= Nasal septum

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 Water’s

Projection

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 Waters’ Projection 

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 Waters’ Projection 

Midsagittal plane of the head isperpendicular to the film

chin touches the film

X-ray beam is perpendicular to the film 

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 A= Frontal sinus

B=Crista galli

C=Supraorbital notch

D=Lesser wing of sphenoid

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 A= Foramen rotundum

B= Foramen ovale

C= Nasal septum

D= Floor of middle cranial fossa

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 A= Sphenoid sinus

B= Infraorbital foramen and canal

C= Superior orbital fissure

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 A= Inferior aspect of the base of skull

B= Odontoid process of axis

C= Inferior border of body of mandible

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 A= Infraorbital rim B= Zygomatic process of maxilla

C= Condyle

D= Coronoid process

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 A= Common nasal meatus B= Inferior nasal concha

C= Hard palate

D= Superior border of the tongue

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 A= Nasal septum B= Hyoid bone

C= Zygomatic process of temporal bone

D= Inferior nasal meatus

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 A= Posterior wall of maxillary sinus

B= Hard palate

C= Soft palate

D= Maxillary tuberosity

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 A= Inferior border of mandibular canal

B= Left maxillary sinus

C= Ear lobe

D= Mental foramen

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 A.  Articular eminence

B. Sigmoid notch

C. Shadow of contralateral mandible

D. Glenoid fossa

E. Posterior border of ramus

F. Inferior border of mandible