quantum mechanics and atomic theory. copyright © houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved....

Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Theory

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Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Source: Corbis

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Figure 12.25: Mendeleev's early periodic table, published in 1872

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ATOMS

MASS CHARGE

nucleus proton 1 +1

neutron 1 0

electron 0 -1

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CHEMISTRY

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CHEMISTRY

Most chemistry is in the

electrons

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CHEMISTRY

Most chemistry is in the

electrons

(the outer shell electrons)

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CHEMISTRY

Most chemistry is in the

electrons

(the valence electrons)

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Figure 12.10: Electronic transitions in the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom

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Massive star in Pistol Nebula

Source: NASA

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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons

n Shell 1,2,…

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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons

n Shell 1,2,…

l Angular momentum

0,..,n-1

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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons

n Shell 1,2,…

l Angular momentum

0,..,n-1

ml “Direction” of l -l,….,+l

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Figure 12.18: Three representations of the hydrogen 1s

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Figure 12.19b: Representation of the 2p orbitals.

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Figure 12.19a: Representation of the 2p orbitals.

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Figure 12.20: A cross section of the electron probability distribution for a 3p orbital.

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Figure 12.21b: Representation of the 3d orbitals

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Figure 12.21a: Representation of the 3d orbitals

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Figure 12.22: Representation of the 4f orbitals in terms of their boundary surfaces.

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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons

n Shell 1,2,…

l Angular momentum

0,..,n-1

ml “Direction” of l -l,….,+l

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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons

n Shell 1,2,…

l Angular momentum

0,..,n-1

ml “Direction” of l -l,….,+l

s Spin ±½

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Wolfgang Pauli

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Wolfgang Pauli

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PAULI PRINCIPLE

• NO TWO ELECTRONS SHALL HAVE THE SAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERS

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PAULI PRINCIPLE

• NO TWO ELECTRONS SHALL HAVE THE SAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERS

• Consequence:AUFBAU

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s1

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p1

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p2

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p3

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p4

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p5

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p6

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

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Figure 12.27: Electron configurations for potassium through krypton.

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Figure 12.28: The orbitals filled for elements in various parts

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Figure 12.29: The periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and

partial electron configurations

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Figure 12.30: A form of the periodic table recommended by IUPAC

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CHEMISTRY

Full shells make the happiest

atoms

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CHEMISTRY

Full shells make the most stable

atoms

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Figure 12.39: Special names for groups in the periodic table

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Figure 12.35: The values of first ionization energy for the elements in the first five periods.

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Figure 12.36: The electron affinity for atoms among the first 20 elements that form stable, isolated X- ions.

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Figure 12.37: The radius of an atom (r) is defined as half the distance between the nuclei in a molecule

consisting of identical atoms.

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Figure 12.34: Radial probability distributions

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Figure 12.38: Atomic radii (in picometers) for selected atoms.

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Figure 12.39: Special names for groups in the periodic table (cont’d)

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