qualitative researc
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DEFINITION
Systematic ,subjective
methodological approach used to describelife experience and give them meaning.
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Merging together of various data collection
strategies.
Flexible and elastic.
Holistic
Requires intense involvement.
Ongoing analysis of data.
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SELECTi) Broad frame work
ii) Site
IDENTIFYi) Study collaborators & reviewers
ii) Gate keepers
iii) Types of equipments
iv) Appropriate informed consent
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Contd
DEVELOP
* Broad data collection strategies.* Plan or assessing the trust worthiness
of the data.
COLLECT
* Relevant materials about the site. DETERMINE
* Assistants needed.
* Time available, cost and constraints.
* Training any assistants.
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1. ORIENTATION AND OVERVIEWTo get a handle on what is salient about the
phenomenon of interest.
2. FOCUSED EXPLORATION
In-depth exploration of phenomenon that arejudged to be silent.
3. CONFIRMATION AND CLOSURE
Researchers undertake efforts to establish that
their findings are trustworthy, often by going back and
discussing their understanding with study participants.
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Ethnography
Phenomenology
Grounded theoryHistorical research
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Involves description & interpretation ofcultural behaviour.
Requires intimacy with members of culturalgroup.
Three broad types of information usuallysought.
a. cultural behaviour
b. cultural artifactsc. cultural speech
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Contd..
Ethnographers rely on a wide variety of data sources
including observations in depth interviews,records,charts
and other types of physical
evidence(photographers,diaries,letters
Three variants of ethnographic research are
i) Ethnonursing research
ii) Institutional ethnography
iii) Auto ethnography & critical ethnography.
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:
The study & analysis of the local or
indigenous peoples view points, beliefs and
practices about nursing care behaviour and
processes of designated cultures.
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ii) Institutional ethnography:
It seeks to understand the social
determinants of peoples everyday
experiences ,especially the institutional work
process that form the ground of peoples
lived experiences.
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iii) Auto-Ethnography:
It involves self scrutiny including
scrutiny of groups or cultures to which
researchers themselves belong .
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Ethnographic inquiry can thus help to facilitate
understanding of behaviours affecting heallth
and illness.
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Is an approach to exploring and understanding
peoples everyday life experiences.
The topics appropriate to phenomenology are
fundamental to the life experiences of humans;
-meaning of suffering
-the experience of domestic violence
-the quality of life with chronic pain.
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Contd..
The four aspects of lived experiences that are
interest to phenomenologists are
-lived space or spatiality
-lived body or corporeality
-lived time or temporality
-lived human relation or relationality
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Contd
In phenomenological studies, the main data
source is in depth conversations with researchers
and informants as co- participants.
The two main schools of thought are
-Descriptive phenomenology
-Interpretive phenomenology
(Hermeneutics).
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A description of things as people experience them.
These things include
hearing,seeing,believing,feeling,remembering,deciding
,evaluating,acting & so forth. It involves the following four steps:
-Bracketing
-Intuiting-Analyzing
-Describing
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The process of identifying and holding inabeyance preconceived beliefs & opinions about
the phenomenon under study.
It occurs when researchers remain open
to the meanings attributed to the phenomenon
by those who have experienced it
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* Extracting significant statements, categorizing
& making sense of the essential meaning of the
phenomena.
*It occurs when researchers come tounderstand & define the phenomenon.
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Hermeneutics refers to the act & philosophy
of interpreting the meaning of an object (such as
a text, work of act & so on )
The goals of interpretive phenomenological
research are to enter another s world & to
discover the practical wisdom, possibilities &understandings found there.
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Contd.
They rely primarily on in-depth interviews
with individuals who have experienced the
phenomenon of interest.
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It is an approach to the study of social
process & social structures.
The primary purpose of the grounded theoryis to generate comprehensive explanations of
phenomena that are grounded in reality.
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In-depth interviews and observation are the most
common data source in grounded theory studies.
The fundamental feature is that data collection
,data analysis & sampling of study participants
occur simultaneously.
Types of grounded theory:
1.Substantive &
2.Formal.
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It is grounded in data on a specific
substantive area,such as post partum
depression. It can serve as a springboard for formal
grounded theory
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Involves devloping a higher,more abstract
level of theory from a compilation of
substantive grounded theory studiesregarding a particular phenomenon.
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It is the systematic collection, critical evaluation
& interpretation of historical evidence(i.e.,data
relating to past occurences).
Is undertaken to answer questions about
causes,effects,or trends relating to past events
that may shed light on present behaviours orparticulars.
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Contd.
Data for historical research are
a. written records:
eg: diaries, letters, notes, newspapers, minutes ofmeetings, medical or legal documents & so forth.
b. Non written materials: e.g. physical remains& objects.
c. Visual materials: e.g. photographs & films.
d. Audio materials: e.g. records & tapes.
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-In historical research data analysis and data
collection are usually on going ,concurrent
activities.
- It is usually interpretive.
- Historical researchers try to describe whathappened , and also how & why it happened.
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# Case studies - In-depth investigation a
single entity or a small number of entities.
# Narrative analysis - It focuses on story as
the object of inquiry, to determine how
individuals make sense of events in their lives.
#Critical theory concerned with a critique of
existing social structures. It involves
collaboration with participants & foster
enlightened self knowledge & transformation
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#Feminist Research - focus is on gender
domination & discrimination withinpatriarchal societies.
# Participatory Action Research There iscollaboration between researchers and study
participants in the definition of the problem.
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