psychological research chapter module 1
Post on 09-Apr-2018
219 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 1/59
Psychology 100Brenda Rolfe-Maloney M.S.
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 2/59
` W hat is psychology?T he scientific study of behavior & mental processesx
Science: making verifiable, objective predictionsx Behavior: observable actsx Mental Processes: storing, recalling, using info/feelings
` H ow is it different from other social sciences?F ocus on individual behavior
` W here did it come from?PhilosophyPhysiology
` Psychology is born (roughly) in 1879
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 3/59
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 4/59
` J ohn Locke (1632-1704)Saw the mind as receptive and passive, with its maingoal as sensing and perceivingTabula rasa ± we are born as a blank slate, everythingwe know is learnedT his is in direct contrast to the rationalist Descartes
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 5/59
` H ermann H elmholtz (1821-1894)H e was a mechanist ± he believed that everything can beunderstood with basic physical and chemical principlesH e pushed for the need to test and demonstrate things.
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 6/59
` G ustav F echner (1801-1887)Psychophysics ± he pushed to investigate therelationship between the physical world and our co ns c io us psychological world
H e thought it possible to measure the perceived as wellas the physical intensities of sensory stimuli and todetermine a mathematical relationshipJ ust noticeable difference ( J ND) approach
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 7/59
` W ilhelm W undt (1832-1920)1 st psychology lab (1879)x
U niversity of Leipzig, G ermanyF ocus on consciousnessx F ind basic elements of conscious processesx Discover how elements (sensations and feelings) are
connectedx
Specify laws of connectionIntrospectionx Self-observation: µseeing¶ mental processes in immediate
experience
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 8/59
` StructuralismLots of work on sensation & perception and
breaking those down into minute detailT hree basic mental elementsx Images, feelings & sensationsT itchner x F ound 43,000 elements associated with sensory
experiencesx 30,000 associated with visualx 11,000 associated with auditoryx 4 associated with taste (was correct with this one)
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 9/59
` F unctionalismF ocus on adaptationx Applying Darwin¶s theory of natural selection to mental
processesW illiam J amesx Stream of consciousnessx Consciousness is personal/selective, continuous (can¶t be µcut
up¶ for analysis), and constantly changingx Structuralism was foolish to search for common elements to all
minds
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 10/59
` F reud¶s Psychodynamic T heoryConscious vs. unconscious conflictsx U nconscious: motivations and memories of which we are
not awarex Mental illness arises from being overwhelmed by which of
these is µin control¶Psychoanalysis as therapy: tell me about your childhood«.
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 11/59
` BehaviorismF ocus on observable behavior J . B. W atsonx F elt that the main goal of psychology should be the
prediction and control of behavior
Stimulus-response theory (Ivan Pavlov)x W e respond to stimuli with our behavior, not thoughtsx Pavlov¶s dog studies
Reinforcement for behavior (B. F. Skinner)x If our behavior produces rewarding consequences, then we
will do it again
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 12/59
` H umanistic PsychologyF ocus on growth potential of healthy people
Carl Rogersx U nconditional warm regardAbraham Maslowx H ierarchy of needs
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 13/59
` PsychodynamicU nconscious forces motivating behavior
` BehavioralO bservable S-R relationship
` H umanisticSelf-actualization, free will
` CognitiveT hought processes` Neuroscience
brain function` E volutionary
Survival of genes` Behavior G enetics
G enes & environment` Social-Cultural
Situations & cultural
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 14/59
DescriptionW hat occurred?
E xplanation
W hy it occurred?Prediction
W hen is it likely to occur?
Change
W hat can be done to modify behvaior?
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 15/59
NeuroscienceClinical PsychologyCognitive Psychology
Developmental PsychologyE ducational or School PsychologyE xperimental PsychologyCultural or G ender Psychology
Industrial/ organizational PsychologySocial Psychology
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 16/59
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 17/59
To separate fact from fictionE xamples:
y A re recovered memories of child abuse valid?y A re mentally ill people more dangerous than µnormal¶
people?
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 18/59
Q uestionLiterature ReviewDevelop a testable H ypothesis
Design the study and collect data Analyze the DataPublish, Replicate, and seek scientific reviewBuild a T heory
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 19/59
Descriptive research methodsy Case studiesy Surveysy Naturalistic observation
Correlational methodsE xperimental methods
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 20/59
Case studiesand surveys
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 21/59
Descriptiony An in-depth study of one or a few (usually unique) individuals
E xamplesy A lbert E instein¶s brainy T he boy who was raised as a girl
Advantagesy G ood for studying rare eventsy E thical way to study negative events
Limitationsy Conclusions might not generalize or reveal some universal
principle
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 22/59
Description:y Q uestioning a large sample of people about their thoughts,
feelings and/or behaviors.E xample: YRBS 2009Key Terms:
y Population:T he group of people to whom you want to generalize your conclusionsE .g., grade 9-12 youth in all 50 states public & privateschools
y W ording E ffect:y Not allowed or forbidden
y Random sample: A representative cross-section of people who were asked toparticipateE .g., all youth who were asked to participate in the YRBS
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 23/59
AdvantagesRepresentative cross-section generalizabilityShows what¶s ³normal´ (e.g., typical daily hoursof TV viewing)Shows how common something is (e.g.,substance abuse)
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 24/59
T he Researcher
systematicallymeasure and recordobservable behavior Researcher does not
manipulate behavior
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 25/59
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 26/59
Description:y Studies designed to see if two or more variables are
related to each other E xamples:
y Internet use and depressiony Viral infection and depressiony Television viewing and fear of crime
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 27/59
Collect data from people on at least two variablesy Variables = traits on which people can vary/differ
Amount of TV viewingF ear of Crime
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 28/59
Re s e ar chQ u e sti o n:
ResearchDesign:
TVView ing
Fe ar of C rim e
Measure HrsOf Daily Viewing
Measure
Fear of Crime(0-10)
Operational Definitions
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 29/59
Collect data from people on at least two variablesy
Variables = traits on which people can vary/differ H ours of TV viewingF ear of Crime
Construct a scatterplot
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 30/59
Data & Scatterplot for Women
Participant Hours of TV Fear
A 0.25 2B 0.75 5C 1 2D 1.5 7E 1.75 4F 2 6G 2.25 8H 2.5 5I 3 7J 3.25 8
Hours of TV
3.53.02.52.01.51.0.50.0
F e a r o f C r i m e
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
N o te : 10 pairs of s co r e s 10 p o ints in t h e pl o t
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 31/59
Participant Hours of TV Fear
K 0.125 5L 0.5 1M 0.75 8N 1.25 1O 1.5 9P 1.75 3Q 2 9R 2.25 4S 2.75 10T 3.25 6
Hours of TV
3.53.02.52.01.51.0.50.0
F e a r o
f C r i m e
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 32/59
Scatterplot: Men & Women
3.53.02.52.01.51.0.50.0
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Fear of Cr i e (M)
Hours of TV (M)
Fear of Cr i e (W)
Hours of TV (W)
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 33/59
Collect data
Construct scatterplotCompute the appropriate statistic
Correlation coefficient ( r r )Strength: Perfect, imperfect, no relationship
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 34/59
Perfect Relationship
r=+1.00
Hours of TV
3.02.52.01.51.0.50.0
F e a r o
f C
r i m e
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Imperfect Relationship
r=+.76
Hours of TV
3.53.02.52.01.51.0.50.0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
No Relationship
r=.00
Hours of TV
3.02.52.01.51.0.50.0
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 35/59
G eneral Strategy (Continued)
Collect data
Construct scatterplotCompute the appropriate statistic
Correlation coefficientStrength: Perfect, imperfect, no relationshipDirection: Positive vs. negativeDirection: Positive vs. negative
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 36/59
CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS S HOWING
P OSITIVE VS . N EGATIVE RELATIONSHIPS
Positive Negative
Ho rs of T
3 .
¡ . ¢ ¡ .
£ . ¢ £ .
. ¢
.
# o
f
l o s e
F r i e
s
£ ¡
£
¤
¥
¦
¡
Ho rs of T
3 . §
3 . ¨ © . § © . ¨ . § . ¨ . § ¨ . ¨
F e a r o
f
r i
e
§
3
2
1r = +.76 r = -.56
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 37/59
P RACTICE AT IDENTIFYING P OSITIVE AND
N EGATIVE RELATIONSHIPS
Hours of TV viewing & aggressiveness
Self-esteem scores and depression scores
Number of children and hours of sleep
Hours of TV viewing and body fat
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 38/59
A DVANTAGE AND D ISADVANTAGE OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Advantagey Can demonstrate if two variables are related
Disadvantagey Cannot demonstrate a causal relationship
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 39/59
WHY CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH C ANNOT
DEMONSTRATE C AUSATION
TV(Variabl e A) Fe ar (Variabl e B)
Living in a h ig h -c rim e n- hoo d(Variabl e C )
³Correlationdoes not imply
causation.´
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 40/59
IDENTIFYING 3RD V ARIABLES
Monthly murder rates and ice-cream salesTV viewing and obesity in childrenFluoridated water and municipal cancer rates
Taking vitamins as a child and substance use asan adolescent
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 41/59
E XPERIMENTA
L R ESEARCH
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 42/59
CORRELATIONAL VS . E XPERIMENTAL
QUESTIONS AND DESIGNS
TVView ing
Fe ar of C rim e
MeasureHours of
Daily Viewing
MeasureFear of Crime(0-10)
TVView ing
Fe ar of C rim e
ManipulateHours of Viewing
MeasureFear of Crime(0-10)
Co rr e lati o nal Exp e rim e ntal
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 43/59
K EY TERMS
Ind
ep
end
ent Variabl
e:Ho urs of View ing Dependent Variable:Fear of Crime
Experimental G roup:3 Hrs Crime TV
Control G roup:3 hrs PBS
Ho w a f raid t o w alkal o n e at nig h t?
0=n o t at all10=t e rri f ie d
Random
Assignment
O p e rati o nal D e f initi o n of I.V. O p. D e f . of D.V.
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 44/59
S TATISTICAL
R EASONING
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 45/59
THREE K EY W AYS TO S UMMARIZE
OBSERVATIONS
Correlationy Are two variables related to each other?y If so, how strongly?
Central tendencyy What is the most typical, common, or representative
observation?E.g., What is the average # hours of TV viewing per day inthe study?
Variabilityy
How much difference is there among the observations?E.g., How much do people differ in their hours of TVviewing?
Example
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 46/59
CENTRAL TENDENCY
Ho
ursof
TV432 2
11
11
Sum = 11N = 5
Mean = 2 .2
ModeModeT he most common scoreMode = 1Mode = 1
MedianMedianT he middle score of the ordered scores
Median = 2 Median = 2
MeanMeanthe average of all the scores
sum together all scores
Divide sum by the (N) of scores
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 47/59
V ARIABILITY
Hoursof TV
432
11
Mean=2.2N=5
Deviationsfrom Mean
+1.8+ .8- .2
-1.2-1.2
Squared Deviations
3.24.64.04
1.441.44
Sum = 6.8N=5
Sum of Sq¶d Dev¶s
N
6.80 5
= 1.17 = SD
S tandard D e viati o n:the average
amount that scoresdeviate from the mean
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 48/59
S OME FINAL
POINTS «
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 49/59
COULD THIS BE STUDIED EMPIRICALLY ? I FSO , HOW ?
Does God exist?Does violence on TV make people moreaggressive?
Is abortion murder? Are men more aggressive than women?How many people have alcohol problems?
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 50/59
CHALLENGES FOR ALL APPROACHES TOPSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Impression managementy When research participants know they are being studied, they
may not act or respond in a natural mannerExpectancy biases
y Participant expectancy biases and single-blind studiesE.g., Placebo effects in drug studies
y Experimenter expectancy biases and double-blind studiesE.g., Orn·s evidence with ´giftedµ rats
Ethical Precautionsy Minimal use of deception, stress or painy Informed consenty Right to terminate or refuse to answer (without loss of benefits)
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 51/59
TRENDS VS . A BSOLUTES
Every behavior has multiple causes
Research never looks forTHE THE
causeIt only looks for one of the causesNo cause is the same for everyoneResearch looks for trends not absolutes
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 52/59
P ARTS IN A RESEARCH P APER
Title Page AbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionReferences
AppendixesTables and Figures
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 53/59
T ITLE P AGE
The Title of Your Paper
The Authors Name andinstitutional affiliation A Running Head A Page Number
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 54/59
A BSTRACT
Summary of your paperNo more than 120 wordsDo not repeat Title
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 55/59
INTRODUCTION
ProblemPrevious ResearchReason for Research
Hypothesis
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 56/59
M ETHOD
ParticipantsSubjects
Apparatus
Procedure
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 57/59
RESULTS
Restate hypothesisSummarize results of each of the statistical tests
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 58/59
D ISCUSSION
Review HypothesisInterpret results and evaluate findingsDiscuss results as they relate to literature
review Address limitations of your study
8/8/2019 Psychological Research Chapter Module 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psychological-research-chapter-module-1 59/59
REFERENCES , A PPENDIXES , T ABLES &F IGURES
Referencesy List of all references cited in the paper
Appendixesy
Other information referred to in methodTables & Figures
y Tables that report statistics
top related