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April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 1
1
LowLow--Solar and HighSolar and High--Solar Gain Glazings Solar Gain Glazings ––which one to choose/specify in our climate?which one to choose/specify in our climate?
Anil ParekhAnil ParekhSustainable Buildings and CommunitiesSustainable Buildings and Communities
2
Project Team AcknowledgementsProject Team Acknowledgements……
National Research Council (NRC)Dr. Hakim ElmahdyMike SwintonMarianne Armstrong
Pilkington NA Inc.Chris Barry
Natural Resources CanadaFrank SzadkowskiAnil Parekh
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 2
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MotivationMotivation……
Codes and Standards setting minimum thermal and solar performance requirements for windowsVariety of choices for builders – more than 300,000 types of window products Overall energy performance depends on combination of:
Heat loss coefficient (U-value or u-factor)Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)Air leakage through window joints and panes
Energy Performance = Solar Gains – Conduction Heat Losses – Air Leakage Losses
So, the question is, what to specify and why?
4
This presentationThis presentation……
Market informationBenchmarking of different types of glazing at Canadian Centre for Housing Technology
Background on the glazing technologyExperimental ResultsExtending the monitored results to estimate energy savings
ENERGY STAR for WindowsDiscussions
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 3
5
Window MarketWindow Market
6
Window Market in CanadaWindow Market in Canada
About 1400 window manufacturers– about 30 large players covering 70% of market shareOverall window market is close to $9.5 billion a year(about 50% is export-oriented)Windows area varied depending on vintage of houses:
Older houses have windows ranging from 6% to 12% of the above grade wall areaNew houses have windows ranging from at least 10% to 17% of the above grade wall areaPreference is for a larger glazing area
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 4
7
Residential Window MarketResidential Window Market
About 6.3 million units a year.Housing retrofit market is larger than new construction segment
Retrofit / Replacement
54%New Construction46%
Residential98%
Nonresidential2%
Source : Ducker Report
8
Window compositionsWindow compositions……
69% of operable windows, 31% fixed91% use insulated glazing unitAluminum spacers replaced by better insulating spacersPredominantly vinyl and wood windows
Vinyl54%
Other1%
Aluminium6%
Wood and clad wood
39%
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 5
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Windows Windows –– a key componenta key component
Windows account for more than 25% of annual space heating needs in a typical new house
Main Walls22%
Basement23%
Windows27%
Ceilings6%
Ventilation22%
10
Potential for energy savingsPotential for energy savings
Reduce the annual space heating use by 13%- 0.70 to 1.2 GJ/yr/sqm.Reduce the space cooling demand by 25%+
- 10 20 30 40 50 60
Above gradeenvelope
Foundation
Windows
Air leakage
Annual Heat Losses, GJ
Conventional
Energy Efficient
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 6
11
Glazing TechnologyGlazing Technology
12
Glazing TechnologyGlazing Technology
Different varieties of low-e coated windows on the marketLow-e coatings differ greatly in solar performanceLow-e provides improved thermal performance over clear glassRising cooling loads and peak electric demands is a driving force for the proper selection of windows for houses
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 7
13
Ideal spectral transmittance for glazings in different climates (Source: McCluney, 1996)
Heat
VisibleUV Solar - Infrared Long-wave infrared
Wavelength (micrometers)
Spec
tral
Irra
d ian
ce (W
m-2
nm-1
)
Solarspectrum
Human eyeresponse
23.9°C (75°F)Blackbodyspectrum
14
Ideal spectral transmittance for glazings in different climates (Source: McCluney, 1996)
Heat
1 - Ideal HSG Window
VisibleUV Solar - Infrared
Wavelength (micrometers)
Long-wave infrared
Spec
tral
Irra
d ian
ce (W
m-2
nm-1
)
Solarspectrum
Human eyeresponse
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 8
15
Ideal spectral transmittance for glazings in different climates (Source: McCluney, 1996)
Heat
2 - Ideal LSG Window
VisibleUV Solar - Infrared Long-wave infrared
Wavelength (micrometers)
Spec
tral
Irra
d ian
ce (W
m-2
nm-1
)
Solarspectrum
Human eyeresponse
16
Spectral SelectivitySpectral SelectivityHSGLSG
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 9
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Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
The SHGC is the fraction of incident solar radiation admitted through a window, both directly transmitted, and absorbed and subsequently released inward. SHGC is a number between 0 and 1.The lower a window's solar heat gain coefficient, the less solar heat it transmits.Low solar gain products – SHGC < 0.30High solar gain products – SHGC > 0.30
18
BenchmarkingBenchmarking
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 10
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Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCHT) • Built in 1998• Collaborative Effort:
–National Research Council Canada (NRC)–Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)–Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC)
(Contributions from 37 companies)
20
TWIN HOUSE FACILITY
• Identical Construction• Typical R-2000 houses built by local builder• Wall Insulation RSI 3.5, Attic RSI 8.6• Low-emissivity argon-filled windows• Airtightness now 1.5 ach @ 50 Pa• High efficiency gas heating (91%)
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 11
21
HOUSE FEATURES
• Simulated occupancy for realistic use–63 on/off events every day –Up to 200 events if needed
• Fully instrumented (23 meters, 300 + sensors)• Hourly and 5-minute data dating back to 1999
22
RECENT PROJECTS
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 12
23
Window Glazing ProjectWindow Glazing Project
Purposeto determine the impact of the use of two glazing systems with different solar transmission properties on the energy use in houses during heating and cooling seasons
Two glazing systems were compared:High solar heat gain, andLow solar heat gain
24
HSG Glazing LSG Glazing
HSG
Double glazedLow-e coatedHigh solar heat gainU-Factor = 1.76 W/m2°K (0.31 Btu/hr.ft2.°F)SHGC = 0.52
Double glazedLow-e coatedLow solar heat gainU-Factor = 1.62 W/m2°K (0.285 Btu/hr.ft2.°F)SHGC = 0.33
LSG
Exterior Interior Exterior Interior
Energy Ratings
31.4
23.8
- 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
HS Windows
LS Windows
ER as per CSA A440.2
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 13
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11
12
13
14 15
16
17 18 1920 21 22
23 24 25 2628 29
2730 31
26
Glazing Replacement31 Glazing units replaced•Four types of windows:
–Casement–Fixed casement–Fixed–Patio door
•Modifications enable full replacementin a single day
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 14
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Monitoring EquipmentMonitoring EquipmentThermocouples
Window Surface Temperature MeasurementFive Instrumented Windows
Center of Glass
Edge of Glass
Edge of Glass
Interior Exterior
28
Monitoring EquipmentMonitoring Equipment
Two Pyranometers located:
In the Test House south-facing bedroom windowOn the exterior south-facing wall of the Reference House
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 15
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Monitoring EquipmentMonitoring EquipmentArgon Tester
Portable Sparklike Gasglass-1002 Measured argon gas concentration of all glazing unitsOriginal windows: no reading on 5 windows, remaining 26 averaged 92% (68% to 98%) New windows: Averaged 84% (70% to 97%)
30
SetupSetup
Operating schedule21°C (70 F) during heating season (28 days) 25.6°C (78 F) during the cooling season (23 days)
Mechanical systemsHigh efficiency gas heating (91%)13 SEER Air Conditioner Power-vented gas water heaterForced-air distribution, continuous low speed circulationHeat Recovery Ventilator
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 16
31
Sample Window Temperatures in Sample Window Temperatures in °°CC
37.1 39.540.8 34.4
Reference House Test House
HSG LSG
11.2 17.644.9 33.3Winter
Summer
32
Transmitted Solar Energy on Sunny Days
20643
13426
1213611604
8327
6499
3865
19239
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
HSG LSG HSG LSG
Winter Winter Summer Summer
15-Jan 26-Jan 09-Aug 30-Jul
Sola
r Ene
rgy
kJ/m
2/da
y
Total Vertical
Transmitted
60%
40%48%
32%
WINTER
Sample Transmitted Solar Energy on Sunny Days, South-facing Window
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 17
33
SUMMER
Sample Transmitted Solar Energy on Sunny Days, South-facing Window
Transmitted Solar Energy on Sunny Days
20643
13426
1213611604
8327
6499
3865
19239
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
HSG LSG HSG LSG
Winter Winter Summer Summer
15-Jan 26-Jan 09-Aug 30-Jul
Sola
r Ene
rgy
kJ/m
2/da
yTotal Vertical
Transmitted
60%
40%48%
32%
SUMMER
34
Energy Consumption SummaryEnergy Consumption Summary
-17.7%41.4350.33Cost, $
-17.7%436.1529.8Electricity, kWh
Space Cooling (23 days)
6.5%103.1796.86Cost, $1.3%290.8287.0Electricity (blower), kWh8.6%222.2204.7Natural Gas, m3
Space Heating (28 days)
Difference (L-H)/H
LSGHSGTotal For Experiment Test Period
Utility cost at $0.34/m3 natural gas and $0.095/kWh electricity
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 18
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Analytical Projection of ResultsAnalytical Projection of Results
Experiment relationships between solar and consumption can be used to predict the CCHT Test House’s performance for a full yearBased on daily Temperature and Solar Data for Oct 2005 to Sep 2006Heating degree days (18°C): 3970(NBC-2005 Heating degree days for Ottawa: 4673)Cooling degree days (18°C): 417(Environment Canada Cooling degree days for Ottawa: 254)
36
Average Daily Outdoor Temperature
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
1-Oct-05 1-Nov-05 1-Dec-05 1-Jan-06 1-Feb-06 1-Mar-06 1-Apr-06 1-May-06 1-Jun-06 1-Jul-06 1-Aug-06 1-Sep-06
Date
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Total Daily Vertical Solar Radiation
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1-Oct-05 1-Nov-05 1-Dec-05 1-Jan-06 1-Feb-06 1-Mar-06 1-Apr-06 1-May-06 1-Jun-06 1-Jul-06 1-Aug-06 1-Sep-06
Date
Vert
ical
Sol
ar R
adia
tion
(kJ/
m2/
day)
Winter
Summer
Summer
Winter
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 19
37
Average Daily Outdoor Temperature
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
1-Oct-05 1-Nov-05 1-Dec-05 1-Jan-06 1-Feb-06 1-Mar-06 1-Apr-06 1-May-06 1-Jun-06 1-Jul-06 1-Aug-06 1-Sep-06
Date
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Total Daily Vertical Solar Radiation
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1-Oct-05 1-Nov-05 1-Dec-05 1-Jan-06 1-Feb-06 1-Mar-06 1-Apr-06 1-May-06 1-Jun-06 1-Jul-06 1-Aug-06 1-Sep-06
Date
Vert
ical
Sol
ar R
adia
tion
(kJ/
m2/
day)
Winter
Summer
Summer
Winter
cloudy
38
Average Daily Outdoor Temperature
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
1-Oct-05 1-Nov-05 1-Dec-05 1-Jan-06 1-Feb-06 1-Mar-06 1-Apr-06 1-May-06 1-Jun-06 1-Jul-06 1-Aug-06 1-Sep-06
Date
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Total Daily Vertical Solar Radiation
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1-Oct-05 1-Nov-05 1-Dec-05 1-Jan-06 1-Feb-06 1-Mar-06 1-Apr-06 1-May-06 1-Jun-06 1-Jul-06 1-Aug-06 1-Sep-06
Date
Vert
ical
Sol
ar R
adia
tion
(kJ/
m2/
day)
Winter
Summer
Summer
Winter
sunny
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 20
39
Difference in Heating and Cooling Consumption (MJ)LSG compared to HSG
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1-Oct 1-Nov 1-Dec 1-Jan 1-Feb 1-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep
Date
Increase in Consumption due to LSG
windows (MJ/day)
Heating Season
Cooling Season
Decrease in Consumption due to LSG
windows (MJ/day)
40
Difference in Cost of Heating and Cooling LSG compared to HSG
-1.00
-0.80
-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1-Oct 1-Nov 1-Dec 1-Jan 1-Feb 1-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep
Date
Heating Season
Cooling Season
Decrease in Cost due to LSG
windows ($/day)
Increase in Cost due to LSG
windows ($/day)
Utility cost at $0.52/m3 natural gas and $0.09/kWh electricity
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 21
41
2.6%1023998Annual Cost-17.7%149188Cost, $
-17.7%16612094Electricity, kWh
Space Cooling (26°C)
7.2%874809Cost, $1.2%22512225Electricity, kWh10.3%12911171Natural Gas, m3
Space Heating (21°C)
Difference (L-H)/H
LSGHSGAnnual Energy Analysis
Ottawa, Oct 2005 to Sep 2006
Analytical Projection of ResultsAnalytical Projection of Results
42
Potential Energy Cost SavingsPotential Energy Cost SavingsHouse characteristics
2-storey, 2100 ft2~295 ft2 of windows with distribution of south (35%), north (30%), sides (equal distribution)
Operating scheduleHeating: 21°C with 18°C setbackCooling: 25.6°C, with free cooling: 8% of windows open during night if outdoor temperature below 24°C.Occupancy: 2 adults (50% of time) and 2 children
Window OptionsConventional double glazedLow solarHigh solar
Fuel and electricity costs (average of Jan-Jun 2006)Energy Statistics Handbook (Stats Canada (Oct 2006)US-EIA United States Energy Information Administration
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 22
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Comparisons of Space Heating LoadsComparisons of Space Heating Loads
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
19/0
1/20
06
20/0
1/20
06
21/0
1/20
06
22/0
1/20
06
23/0
1/20
06
24/0
1/20
06
25/0
1/20
06
26/0
1/20
06
27/0
1/20
06
28/0
1/20
06
29/0
1/20
06
30/0
1/20
06
31/0
1/20
06
01/0
2/20
06
02/0
2/20
06
03/0
2/20
06
04/0
2/20
06
05/0
2/20
06
06/0
2/20
06
07/0
2/20
06
08/0
2/20
06
09/0
2/20
06
10/0
2/20
06
11/0
2/20
06
12/0
2/20
06
13/0
2/20
06
14/0
2/20
06
15/0
2/20
06
Cha
nge
in D
aily
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n to
LS
Win
dow
s (M
J/da
y)
Actual Measured
Predicted Estimate
44
Heating CostsHeating Costs
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
Hal
ifax,
NS
Mon
treal
, QC
Que
bec
City
, QC
Otta
wa,
ON
Toro
nto,
ON
Win
nipe
g, M
B
Cal
gary
, AB
Edm
onto
n, A
B
Vanc
ouve
r, B
C
Vic
toria
, BC
Anch
orag
e, A
K
Tole
do, O
H
Min
neap
olis
, MN
New
You
r, N
Y
Hus
ton,
TX
Mia
mi,
FL
Sea
ttle,
WA
Ann
ual S
pace
Hea
ting
Cos
ts, $
ConventionalHigh SolarLow Solar
(US locations in US$. Canadian locations in Can$)
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 23
45
Cooling CostsCooling CostsAnnual Cooling Energy Costs
-
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Hal
ifax,
NS
Mon
treal
, QC
Que
bec
City
, QC
Otta
wa,
ON
Toro
nto,
ON
Win
nipe
g, M
B
Cal
gary
, AB
Edm
onto
n, A
B
Van
couv
er, B
C
Vic
toria
, BC
Anc
hora
ge, A
K
Tole
do, O
H
Min
neap
olis
, MN
New
You
r, N
Y
Hus
ton,
TX
Mia
mi,
FL
Sea
ttle,
WA
Ann
ual C
oolin
g E
nerg
y C
osts
, $
ConventionalHigh SolarLow Solar
(US locations in US$. Canadian locations in Can$)
46
Comparison of HS and LS windowsComparison of HS and LS windows
-200
-150
-100
-50
-
50
100
150
200
Hal
ifax,
NS
Mon
treal
, QC
Que
bec
City
, QC
Otta
wa,
ON
Toro
nto,
ON
Win
nipe
g, M
B
Cal
gary
, AB
Edm
onto
n, A
B
Van
couv
er, B
C
Vic
toria
, BC
Anch
orag
e, A
K
Tole
do, O
H
Min
neap
olis
, MN
New
You
r, N
Y
Hus
ton,
TX
Mia
mi,
FL
Sea
ttle,
WA
Ann
ual H
eatin
g an
d C
oolin
g C
ost D
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n H
S an
d LS
win
dow
s
Savings from High Solar Gain Windows
Savings from Low Solar Gain Windows
(US locations in US$. Canadian locations in Can$)
Hou
ston
, TX
Mia
mi,
FL
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 24
47
SummarySummary
HSG and LSG glazing outperformed conventional clear glazing 6% to 27% energy cost benefits compared to conventional windows.Better heating cost benefit by HSG Much better cooling cost benefit by LSGHSG produced best overall annual cost benefit where heating degree days are > 3000 oC-days.LSG produced best annual cost benefit in hot humid US South, ~25% greater savings than HSG
48
SummarySummary
In all 10 Canadian Locations:HSG offers 13% to 17% energy cost savings
compared to conventional windowsHSG offers annual energy cost savings from
C$117 to C$354LSG offers 8% to 10% energy cost savings
compared to conventional windowsLSG offers annual energy cost savings from
C$71 to C$203
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 25
49
Lessons from the field studyLessons from the field study
Energy efficiency benefits are dependent on the mode of operation, orientation, and climateHouse orientation: Passive solar design, minimizes heating loads and increases cooling loadsFuel source: Electrical, Gas, OilCooling: With or without air conditioning, use of free coolingShading: Exterior shading in summerCombinations of glazing: LSG on north, HSG on south
50
ENERGY STAR for WindowsENERGY STAR for Windows
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 26
51
ENERGY STAR CriteriaENERGY STAR Criteria
52
ENERGY STAR Qualified ProductsENERGY STAR Qualified Products
47,051
55,669
40,000
44,00048,000
52,00056,000
60,000
Low-SolarGlazingwindows
High-Solar
Glazing
Low-Solar Glazing windows
46%
High-Solar
Glazing Windows
54%
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
Zone A Zone B Zone C Zone D
EN
ERG
Y S
TAR
Cer
tifie
d W
indo
ws
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Per
cent
age
of T
otal
Cer
tifie
d P
rodu
cts
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
< 1.2 < 1.4 < 1.6 < 1.8 < 2.0
U-Value (m2 K / W)
Num
ber o
f Cer
tifie
d Pr
oduc
ts
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Perc
enta
ge o
f Tot
al
Certi
fied
Prod
ucts
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 27
53
New Technical SpecificationsNew Technical Specifications
New specifications for the ENERGY STAR in Oct 1, 2010Will ensure minimum SHGC of about 0.22 and U-value of 2.0 – reason is to take advantage of passive solar gains
54
GuidelinesGuidelines
Easy way - Select ENERGY STAR certified productsprovide better performance during the heating and cooling seasons in all locations and climates.
For window area < 15% of exterior walls, use HSG products for optimizing heating and cooling performanceFor window area > 15% of exterior walls, solar control for cooling loads in Zone A, B and C. – choose LSG productsHSG on south and west orientation and LSG on north orientation – an optimized solutionOverall performance – installation is very important.
HSG SHGC >0.30 LSG SHGC between 0.22 and 0.30
April 21, 2010
BECOR Seminar 2010 28
55
Prince Leopold Island (Photo: Cassie Doyle)
Thank You…
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