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Developmental Stages from 0 months up to DeathStages
Physical developmentCognitive/language developmentPsychosocial development
Infancy: 06 Months Old
04 Weeks
Proceeds from head to
foot and central part to
Extremities.
Sucks reflexively.
Visually tracks to
Midline.
Lifts head when held
Upright.
34 Months
Prone: lifts head
momentarilyrolls from
Stomach to back.
Pulls to sit without head
Lag.
Grasps rattle.
56 Months
Reaches for objects.
Inspects objects with
Hands, eyes, and mouth.04 Weeks
Smiles selectively at
Mothers voice.
Shows startle reflex to
Sudden noise.
36 Months
Babbles and coos, squeals
and gurgles (by 3
Months).
Anticipates food with
Vocalization.
Laughs.08 Weeks
Gazes at faces (birth).
Smiles responsively.
Uses vocalization to
Interact socially.
34 Months
Distinguishes primary
caregivers from others
and will react if removed
from home.
Smiles readily at most
people.
Plays alone with contentment.
Infancy: 612 Months OldGross Motor
69 MonthsCreeps.
Sits without support.
Pulls to stand to cruise
Furniture.
912 Months
Crawls on all fours.
Attains sitting position
Unaided.
Stands momentarily.
Takes first steps.
Fine Motor
69 Months
Transfers objects hand to
hand.
Bangs with spoon.
Finger feeds part of meal.
Shakes bell.
912 Months
Holds, bites, and chews a
cracker.
Grasps string with thumb
and forefinger.
Beats two spoons
together.
Begins to use index finger
to point and poke.69 Months
Smiles and vocalizes to
own mirror image.
Says ma-ma, da-da
(nonspecific).
Shakes head no-no.
Imitates playful sounds.
Responds to name with
head turn, eye contact,
and smile.
912 Months
Recognizes voices of
favorite people.
Responds to verbal
request such as Wave
bye-bye.
Calls parent Mama or
Dada.
Repeats performances
that are laughed at.
Plays peekaboo.69 Months
Discriminates strangers
(e.g., frowns, stares,
cries).
Stranger/separation
anxiety begins.
Actively seeks adult
attention; wants to be
picked up and held.
Plays peekaboo.
Rarely lies down except
to sleep.
Pats own mirror image.
Chews and bites on toys.
Begins to respond to own
name.
912 Months
Social with family, shy
with strangers.
Begins to show sense of
humor.
Becomes aware of
emotions of others1215 Months
Shows strong dependence
on primary caregiver with
increasing difficulty
separating.
Shows difficulty quieting
and relaxing into sleep.
Wants to have caregiver
nearby all the time.
Gives toy to adult on
request.
Shows sense of me and
mine.
1518 Months
Begins to distinguish
you and me.
Imitates adult activities.
Interested in strangers,
but wary.
Does not respond well to
sharp discipline.
Does not respond to
verbal persuasion and
scolding.
Expressed autonomy
through defiance.
Plays alone or beside
other children.
Strongly claims mine.
Follows simple requests.
Toddler Years: 1218 Months OldGross Motor
1218 Months
Walks alone.
Stoops and stands up
again.Climbs up on furniture.
Walks up stairs with help.
Fine Motor
1218 Months
Builds tower of 2 cubes.
Scribbles spontaneously
or by imitation.
Holds cup.
Puts raisin or pellet in
bottle.
Turns book pages, 23 at
a time.
Holds spoon.
Self-Help
1215 Months
Feeds self with fingers.
Removes hat, shoes, and
socks.
Inhibits drooling.1518 Months
Chews most foods well.
Opens closed doors.
Holds cup and drinks
with some spilling.
Imitates housework.
Brings familiar object
upon request.1215 Months
Jabbers expressively.
Communicates by
gesture.
Vocalizes more than cries
for attention.Understands word no.
Shakes head to indicate no.
Says 23 words other
than ma-ma or da-da.
Looks in appropriate
place when asked (e.g.,
Where is the book?).
1518 Months
Vocalizes no.
Has vocabulary of 1015
words.
Fluently uses jargon.
Points and vocalizes to
indicate want1215 Months
Shows strong dependence
on primary caregiver with
increasing difficulty
separating.
Shows difficulty quieting
and relaxing into sleep.
Wants to have caregiver
nearby all the time.
Gives toy to adult on
request.
Shows sense of me and
mine.
1518 Months
Begins to distinguish
you and me.
Imitates adult activities.
Interested in strangers,
but wary.
Does not respond well to
sharp discipline.
Does not respond to
verbal persuasion and
scolding.
Expressed autonomy
through defiance.
Plays alone or beside
other children.
Strongly claims mine.
Follows simple requests.
Toddler Years: 1824 Months OldGross Motor
1824 MonthsRuns stiffly.
Pushes and pulls large
objects.
Carries large teddy bear
while walking.
Points to pictures in
books.
Points to one body part
on request.
Has vocabulary of 20
Wordsmostly nouns.
Moves about house
without constant
supervision.
Plays primarily alongside
children but not with
them.
Comes downstairs on
bottom or abdomen.
Seats self in small chair.
Builds tower of 46
cubes.
Tries to fold paper
imitatively.
Wiggles thumb.
Places rings on spindle
toy.
Turns pages singly.
Turns knobs (television).
Self-Help
Helps dress and undress
self.
May indicate wet or
soiled diapers.
Pulls person to show.
Asks for food and drink
by vocalizing and
gesturing.
Uses spoon with little
spilling.
Replaces some objects
where they belong1824 Months
Points to pictures in
books.
Points to one body part
on request.
Has vocabulary of 20
wordsmostly nouns Understands yours
versus mine.
Uses the words me and
mine.
Enjoys simple stories.
Speaks in 2-word
sentences (e.g., juice
gone).1824 Months
Moves about house
without constant
supervision.
Plays primarily alongside
children but not with
them. Has temper tantrums in
situations of frustration.
Is conscious of family as a
group.
Enjoys role playing.
Mimics real-life situations
during play.
Claims and defends
ownership of own things.
Begins to call self by
name.
Discriminates between
edible and inedible
substances
Toddler Years: 2430 Months OldGross Motor
2430 Months
Jumps in place.
Walks on tiptoe (imitation).
Walks up and down steps,
both feet on each step. Walks backward.
Runs headlong.
Fine Motor
Holds pencil with thumb
and forefingers.
Zips and unzips.
Builds tower of 68 cubes.
Self-Help
Learning to use buttons,
zippers, and buckles.
Pulls on socks.
Pulls on pants or shorts.
Drinks from cup without
spilling.
Helps put things away.
Toilet training in
progress. 2430 Months
Often calls self by first
name.
Speaks 50 or more words.
Has vocabulary of 300
words.
Uses phrases and 3- to
4-word sentences. Understands and asks for
another.
Points to 4 body parts.2430 Months
Initiates own play
activities.
Want routines just so.
Does not like change in
routine.
Cannot wait or delay
gratification. Does not share.
Knows identity in terms
of sex and place in the
family.
Observes other children
at play and joins in for a
few minutes.
Toddler Years: 3036 Months OldGross Motor
3036 Months
Builds tower of 68
cubes.
Completes 3-piece form
board.
Fine Motor
Turns book pages singly.
Holds pencil with thumb
and forefingers.
Can zip and unzip.
Self-Help
Toilet training in
progress.
Dresses with supervision.
Eats with fork and spoon.
Pours from one container
to another.
Gets drink unassisted.
Avoids simple hazards.3036 Months
Verbalizes toilet needs.
Uses plural.
Increases use of verbs.
Begins using adjectives
and prepositions.
Has vocabulary of 900
1,000 words (36 months).
Uses verbal commands.
Gives full name when
asked.
Asks Whats that?3036 Months
Begins playing with, as
opposed to next to,
others.
Names or points to self in
photos.
Joins in nursery rhymes
and songs.
Likes praise.
Dawdles.
Has auditory fears
(noises).
Shows sympathy, pity,
modesty, and shame.
Preschool Years: 3 Years OldGross Motor
Gallops.
Balances on one foot (15
seconds).
Catches large ball, arms
flexed.
Hops on one foot (3
times).
Turns somersaults.
Shows lack of coordination (3 years)
stumbling, falling.
Fine Motor
Copies circle.
Imitates cross.
Builds with Legos, bristle
blocks, etc.
Builds tower of 10 cubes.
Spontaneously draws.
Handedness may shift.
Imitates snipping with
scissors.Receptive Language
Follows two unrelated
commands.
Has concept of 2 or 3.
Identifies same versus
different with pictures.
Responds to verbal limits
and directions.
Identifies 23 colors.
Listens attentively to
short stories.
Chooses objects that are
hard/soft, heavy/light,
big/little.
Expressive Language
Converses in sentences.
Speaks intelligibly.
Answers simple yes/no
questions.
Rote counts to 5.
Repeats nursery rhymes.
Counts 23 items.
Has 5075% articulation
of consonants.
Has vocabulary of 1,500
words (age 4 years).
Tells age using fingers.Cognitive
Uses words for ordering
perceptions and
experiences.
Understands past versus
present.
Shows curiosity; asks
endless questions.
Matches colors (2 or 3).
Completes 6-piece
puzzles.
Answers sensibly to Why
do we have stoves? etc.
Tells a simple storyIs ready to conform to
spoken word.
Begins to take turns.
Plays simple group games.
Toilets self during the day.
Shows fear (visual fears,
heights, loss of parents,
nightmares).
Uses language to resist.
Is able to bargain with
adults.
Tries to please.
May masturbate openly.
May have imaginary
playmates.
Plays most often with,
as opposed to next to,
others.
Shares upon request.
Preschool Years: 4 Years OldGross Motor
Runs smoothly, varying
speeds.
Hops on one foot (49
times).
Balances on one foot (8
10 seconds).
Bounces ball with
beginning control.
Throws ball overhand.
Handles stairs with
alternating feet using rail.
Fine Motor
Copies cross and square.
Attempts to cut on
straight line.
Has established hand
dominance.
Writes on page at
random.
May try to print own
name.
Draws personarms and
legs directly from headUnderstands opposite
analogies.
Follows 3-stage commands.
Listens eagerly to stories.
Follows directions with
prepositions (e.g.,
above, under).
Expressive Language
Uses all parts of speech
correctly.
Has vocabulary of 2,000-
plus words.
Uses color names.
Defines words in terms of
use (e.g., car, pencil).
Asks many questions
(e.g., why, what, how).
Has 100% production
and use of consonants.
Corrects own errors in
pronunciation of new
words.
Has sense of humor and
self-laughing.
Loves silly songs, names.
Increasing use of
imagination.
Enjoys dress-up play.
Is interested in time
concepts (e.g., yesterday,
hour, minute).
Identifies several
capabilities.
Rote counts to 10.
Counts 4 items.
Categorizes animals,
food, toys.
Matches geometric forms.
Identifies missing part.Is dogmatic and dramatic.
Shows urge to conform/
please is diminished.
May have control issues.
May be physically
aggressive.
Is self-sufficient in own
home.
Has nightmares.
May argue, boast, and
make alibis.
Calls attention to own
performance.
Bosses and criticizes
others.
Rarely sleeps at nap time.
Separates from mother
easily.
Often has special
friend.
Prefers peers to adults.
Washes face, brushes
teeth, and dresses self.
Uses bathroom unassisted.
Preschool Years: 5 Years OldGross Motor
Balances on one foot.
Skips smoothly.
Uses roller skates.
Rides bicycle with
training wheels.
Balances on tiptoes.
Fine Motor
Handedness firmly
established.
Colors within lines.
Cuts on line.
Copies circle, square, and
triangle.
Is not adept at pasting or
gluing.
Draws within small areas.
Ties knot in string after
demonstration.Receptive Language
Listens briefly to what
others say.
Understands 6,000 words.
Categories words.
Guesses object by
attribute or use of clues
(e.g., What bounces?).
Points to first and last in
a line-up.
Expressive Language
Has vocabulary of 2,500-
plus words.
Repeats days of the week
by rote.
Defines words and asks
for word meanings.
Acts out stories.
Gives rhyming word after
example.
Cognitive
Is often ready to enter
kindergarten.
Appreciates past, present,
and future.
Can count 6 objects when
asked, How many?
Begins to enjoy humorous stories and slapstick
humor.
States address, age, name,
and ages of siblings.
Acts out stories.
Learns left from right.
Matches 1012 colors.
Predicts what will happen
next.
School Milestones
Prints first name and
simple words.
Writing is mostly capital
letters.
Frequently copies left to
right.
Reversals are common
(e.g., writes b as d).
Reads letters in sequence.
Recognizes first name.
Recognizes several or all
numerals on clock,
phone, calendar.
Counts and points to 13
objects.
Writes 110 poorly
many reversals.
Adds and subtracts using
5 fingers.
Is capable of self-criticism.Enjoys small group
cooperative playoften
noisy.
Listens and participates in
20-minute group activity.
Knows when certain
events occur.
Accepts adult help and
supervision.
Is serious, businesslike,
and self-assured.
Wants to help and please
adults.
Enjoys competitive
exercise games.
Fears parental loss, thunder, and scary animals.
More conscious of body,
wants.
Respects peers and their
property.
Elementary School Years: 6 Years OldGross Motor
Is constantly active.
Shows smooth and
coordinated movement.
Stands on one foot, eyes
closed.
Has good balance and
rhythm.
Bounces ball with good
control.
Hops through hopscotch
course.
Fine Motor
Ties own shoes.
Makes simple, recognizable drawings.Receptive Language
Uses picture dictionary.
Knows category labels.
Defines and explains words.
Expressive Language
Identifies likeness and
differences between objects.
Identities consonant
sounds heard at beginning of words.
Gives category labels.
Likes to use big words.
Shows increasingly
symbolic language.
Cognitive Development
Names all colors.
Knows what number
comes after 8.
Understands quantity up
to 10.
Identifies similarities and
differences among pictures.
School Milestones
Begins to recognize words.
Matches words.
Identifies words by length
or beginning sound/letter.
Rereads books many times.
Prints first and last name.
Invents spelling.
Reverses two-digit
numbers (e.g., writes
13 as 31).
Rote counts to 30 or higher.
Adds amounts to 6.
Subtracts amounts within 5.
Uses simple measurement.
Names coins; states values of
a penny, dime, and nickel.
Writes slowly and with
effort with mixed capital
and lowercase letters.Has poor ability to
modulate feelings.
Enjoys performing for
others.
Has difficulty making
decisions.
Dawdles in daily routines
but will work beside adult
to complete tasks.
Shows jealousy of others;
very competitive.
Plays simple table games.
Often insists on having
own way.
Is easily excited and silly.
Persists with chosen
activities.
Goes to bed unassisted
but enjoys good-night
chat.
Frequently frustrated
may have tantrums.
May return to thumb
sucking, baby talk, etc.
Responds better to praise
of positive behaviors
versus focus on negative
behaviors.
Often takes small things
from others and claims
they found them.
Begins to distinguish
right and left on self.
Elementary School Years: 7 Years OldGross Motor
Shows variability in
activity level.
Rides bicycle.
Runs smoothly on balls
of feet.
Fine Motor
Has well-developed small
muscles.
Has well-developed
hand-eye coordination.
Draws triangle in good
proportion.
Copies vertical and
horizontal diamonds.Speaks fluently.
Uses slang and clichs.
Understands cause-effect
relationships.
Recites days of week and
months of year.
Talks about own feelings
in retrospect.
Often seems not to hear
when absorbed in own
activity.
Shows concrete problem
solving.
Organizes and classifies
information.
Learns best in concrete
terms.
Shows interest in issues of
luck and fairness.
Internal sense of time
emerging.
School Milestones
Shows increasing reading
vocabulary.
Shows greater speed with
writing.
Begins to self-monitor
reversal errors (e.g.,
writing b rather than d).
Learns to solve addition and
subtraction combinations.
Learns to tell time.Shows independence in
completion of routines.
Is learning to screen out
distractions and focus on
one task at a time.
Becomes quiet and sullen
when angry.
Has better control of
voice and temper.
Sets high expectations
for self; frequently
disappointed by own
performance.
Is anxious to please
others; sensitive to praise
and blame.
Has not learned to lose
games; will cheat or end
game abruptly.
May have little sense of
humor; thinks others are
laughing at him/her.
Is considerate of others.
Is concerned about right
and wrong.
Elementary School Years: 8 Years OldGross Motor
Shows rhythmical and
somewhat graceful
movement.
Has frequent accidents
due to misjudging abilities
(e.g., broken arm).Holds pencil, toothbrush,
and tools less tensely.
Enjoys exercise of both
large and small muscles.Easily expresses and
communicates.
Is often out of bounds
verbally (e.g., boasting,
exaggerating, sharing
private information).
Likes to use big words.Reading
Shows variable enjoyment of reading.
Likes humor in stories.
Reads new words through
context and phonics.
Stops and talks about
what he or she reads.
Omits words and reads
out of order.
Prefers silent reading.
Arithmetic
Knows addition and
subtraction combinationssome by heart.
Learning to carry in
addition.
Learning to borrow in
subtraction.
Knows a few multiplication facts.
Knows and .
Interested in money.
Written Language
Writes sentences.
Begins cursive writing.
Shows few reversal errors.
Uses capital and lowercase letter forms.
Tries to write neatlyMay be selfish and
demanding of attention.
May be cheerful.
Is curious about activity
of others.
Learning to lose at games.Is sensitive to criticism,
especially in front of
others.
Shows strong interest in
own past (e.g., stories,
baby books, life books).
Begins to have sense of
humor for own jokes or
riddles.
May be snippy and
impatient in talk with
family members.
Elementary School Years: 9 Years Old-10 Years OldGross Motor
Becomes interested in
competitive sports
social aspects of sports.
Apt to overdo physical
activities.
Shows poor posture (e.g.,
slouches, head close to
work).Works purposefully to
improve physical skills.
May have somatic
complaints (e.g.,
stomachache, dizziness,
leg pains)
Girls and boys tend to be
even in size and sexual
maturity (early in 10th
year).
Girls bodies undergo
slight softening and
rounding at 10.
Has decreasing somatic
complaints.
Is increasingly fidgety
more common for girls.
Shows little awareness of
fatigue.
Strongly refuses bathing.
Loves outdoor exercise
play (e.g., baseball,
skating, jumping rope,
running).Gains proficiency in
reading, writing.
Works and plays hard.
Frequently discusses
reproduction with friends.
Associates scary daytime
events with frightening
dreams.Enjoys school; wants to
operate at optimal level
and may relate fears and
failure more strongly to
subject than to teacher.
Can describe preferred
methods of learning.
Likes to read for facts and
information.
Enjoys keeping a diary
and making lists.
Prefers to read silently.
Usually prefers written to
mental computation.
Worries about doing well
in school.
Participates in discussion of
social and world problems.
Interest in reading varies
greatly by child.
Shows humor that is
broad, labored, and often
not funny to adults.
Repeats dirty jokes to
parent, but often does not
understand them.
Interested in his or her future as a parent and how he
or she will treat own child.
Rarely interested in
keeping a diary.
Mostly interested in
material possessions,
health and happiness for
self and others, and
personal improvement.
Enjoys memorizing.
Prefers oral to written
work in school.
Shows short interest
spanneeds frequent
shift of activity in school.
Is decreasingly interested
in movies and television.Appears emotionally
more stable.
Experiences quick, short-lived emotional extremes.
Mostly cooperative,
responsible, and
dependable.Capable of concentrating
for several hours.
Likes to plan ahead.
Is increasingly attentive
to peer pressure.
Begins to subordinate
own interests to group
purpose.
May take up collecting
hobbies.
Learns to lose at games.
Begins to be neater about
own room.
Chooses member of own
sex for special friend.
Overtly criticizes opposite
sex.
Makes decisions easily.
Responds relatively easily
to discipline.
Seems relaxed and casual;
describes self as real
happy.
Boys show friendship
with physical expression
(e.g., punch, shove,
wrestle).
Girls show friendship
with note writing, gossip,
and hand-holding.
Enjoys sharing secrets
and discussing mysteries
with friends.
Believes friends over
parents.
Does not respond well
when praised or reprimanded in front of friends.
Shows infrequent and
soon-resolved anger.
Yells and calls names.
Rarely cries except with
hurt feelings.
Tends to have sincere,
trusting, and physically
affectionate relationship
with mother.
Tends to have positive,
adoring, admiring
relationship with father.
Early Adolescence: Beginning Age, 1113 Years OldFemales
Pubic hair pigmented,
curled.
Auxiliary hair begins after
pubic hair.
Height growth spurt.
Breast development
continues.
Labia enlarged.
Increase in subcutaneous
fat.
Menstruation begins.
Males
Prepubescent physical
development.
Beginning growth of
testes, scrotum, and
penis.
Downy pubic hair.
Consistent height growthBegins to move from
concrete toward abstract
thinking (reasoning
based on hypotheses or
propositions rather than
only on concrete objects
or events).
Increasingly interested in
ideas, values, social
issues; often narrow in
understanding and
dogmatic.
Is very interested in
music and personal
appearanceespecially
common for females.
Has increasing conflict
with familyhowever,
most place strong value
on family and involved
parents.Is anxious about peer
acceptance.
Is concerned with selfidentity.
Depends on family but
increasingly tests limits.
Establishes independence
through conflicts with
peers and family.*
Is egocentric.
Has abrupt mood and
behavior swings.
Females highly concerned
with body image, physical
changes.
Increasingly interested in
peers and peer culture.
Changes in friends are
common.
Has same-sex relationships most often,
although has concerns,
anxiety, and experimentation with opposite sex.
Has strong needs for
achievement and
recognition of accomplishment, although may
be masked by feigned
indifference.
Midadolescence: Beginning Age, 1315 Years OldFemales
Pubic hair fully developed.
Auxiliary hair in
moderate quantity.
Continued breast growth.
Menstruation well
established.
Decelerating height
growth.
Ovulation (fertility).
Moderate muscle growth
and increase in motor
skills.
Males
Pubic hair pigmented,
curled.
Auxiliary hair begins after
pubic hair.
Penis, testes, and scrotum
continue to grow.
Height growth spurt.
Seminal emissions but
sterile.
Voice lowers as larynx
enlarges.
Mustache hair.Shows fully developed
abstract thought (usually
by age 15) and can apply
in more situations.
Anxiety, major distractions interfere with
abstract thinking
Has continued interest in
ideas, ideals, values,
social issues.Increasingly independent
from family; less overt
testing.*
Females somewhat more
comfortable with body
image and changes.
Males highly concerned
with body image and
changes as puberty
begins.
Shows increase in
relationships with
opposite sex; same-sex
relationship continues to
dominate.
Is reliant on and anxious
about peer relationships.
May experiment with
drugs.
Concerned with
achievement, experiences, feelings of
accomplishment,
receiving recognition.*
Continues to be interested in appearance,
music, and other
elements of peer culture.
Late Adolescence: Beginning Age, 1516 Years OldFemales
Full development of
breasts and auxiliary hair.
Decelerated height
growth (ceases at 16 years
13 months).
Males
Facial and body hair.
Pubic and auxiliary hair
denser.
Voice deepens.
Testes, penis, and
scrotum continue to
grow.
Emissions of motile
spermatozoa (fertility).
Graduated deceleration
of height growth (ceases
by 17 years 10
months).
Muscle growth and
increase in motor skills.Shows well-established
abstract thinking. Makes
applications to own
current and future
situations and to broader
issues (e.g., social
concerns, academic
studies).
May show increase in
anxiety and avoidance
behaviors as a major
emancipation step becomes
imminent (e.g., graduation,
moving out of the house,
going to college, partial or
total self-support).*
Increasingly concerned
and interested in movement towards independence; generally not
prepared emotionally or
logistically for complete
emancipation.Maintain more stable
relationships with peers
and adults.
Has reasonably well-established body image,
especially among girls.
Has more realistic and
stable view of self and
others and nature of
problems and is better at
problem solving.
Has continued need for
achievement and recognition for accomplishment.
Post adolescence: Beginning Age, 1718 Yesars OldFemales
Uterus develops fully by
age 1821.
Other physical maturation complete.
Males
Full development of
primary and secondary
sex characteristics; muscle
and hair development
may continue.Abilities for abstract
thinking and for practical
problem-solving skills are
increasingly tested by the
demands associated with
emancipation and/or
higher education.Is partially or fully
emancipated, although
often with difficulty.
Shows decreased
concerns about autonomy and increased
concerns about resources.
Often has less conflictuals
relationships with family;
existing conflict tends to
revolve around emancipation issues.
Still directs attention toward
peers and self-identity.
Early (Young) Adulthood 20s and lasts through the
40s Physical strength typically peaks in early adulthood
(the 20s and 30s)
Although physical changes are minimal during this
phase , the weight and muscle mass change as a
result of diet , exercise ,pregnancy and lactation.
Growth and strength in early adulthood, then slow
process of decline afterwards
Speed and endurance
Vision and ability to see in weak lighting
Hearing and detection of tones
Taste intact until later in life; men tend to lose hearing and
taste earlier than women
Decline affected by health and lifestylesPiaget believed that the formal operational stage (ages 11 to 15) is the
highest stage of thinking
Adults gain knowledge, but ways of thinking are the same as those of
adolescents
Some researchers disagree with Piaget and believe that thinking in
early adulthood becomes more realistic and pragmatic
Post-formal thought - thought that is
reflective, relativistic, and contextual
provisional
Realistic, their idealism decreases
Emotion & subjective factors can influence thinking
Late adolescence to early adulthood is the main age window for
wisdom (expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that
permits excellent judgment about important matters).In his theory of psychosocial development, Erikson
described two fundamental themes that dominate
adulthood: love and work
During early adulthood, individuals enter Erikson's intimacy
versus isolation stage (developmental task of forming
intimate relationships with others or becoming socially
isolated)
Independence : separation from family of origin
Learn to function without using parents as major source
of comfort, security, direction
Establish sense of equality with parents
Develop adult friendships
Becoming a Parent
Advantages of Having Children Early:
Parents are likely to have more physical energy
Mother is likely to have fewer medical problems with
pregnancy and childbirth
Parents may be less likely to build up expectations for
their children
Advantages of Having Children Later:
Parents will have had more time to consider life goals
Parents will be more mature and will benefit from their life
experiences
Parents will be better established in their careers and
typically have more incomer.
Friendships
The focus of adult friendships is somewhat
different for men and women
Female friends tend to:
confide in one another about their feelings,
problems, and interpersonal relationships
Male friends typically:
minimize discussions about relationships or personal
feelings or problems;
Instead, male friends tend to do things together
that they find mutually interesting,
such as activities related to sports or hobbies
Middle Adulthood 40 years of age to about 65Height reaches a maximum during the 20s for most
people, and remains stable till about age 55.
After age 55, bones become less dense and ultimately
women lose 2 inches and men lose 1 inch in height.
People get shorter with aging due to bone loss in their
vertebrae
Weight typically drops after we reach age 50; likely
because we lose muscle
Joint stiffness and difficulty of movement usually
accompany a progressive loss of bone in middle ageVision:
Decline in vision becomes more pronounced
Adaptation to dark and driving at night becomes
especially difficult
Color vision may decline as a result of the
yellowing of the lens of the eye
Eye lenses become hard and cannot
accommodate for near vision; result is
farsightedness in many people by age 45
(presbyopia or old eye)
Hearing in Middle Age
Hearing undergoes a gradual decline beginning
in middle adulthood.
The primary sort of loss is for sounds of high
pitched, a problem called Presbyopia.
Men are more prone to hearing loss than women.
Because the two ears are not always equally
affected by hearing loss, sound localization, the
ability to detect the origin of a sound, is
diminished.
Some (but not all) hearing problems can be
corrected by hearing aids
The Female Climacteric & Menopause
Starting about age 45, women enter a period known as
the FEMALE CLIMACTERIC, the transition from being
able to bear children to being unable to do so.
This period lasts about 15 to 20 years.
The most notable sign is MENOPAUSE, the
cessation of menstruation.
The production of estrogen and progesterone drop.
Symptoms such as "hot flashes", headaches, feeling
dizzy, heart palpitations, and aching joints are
common during menopause.
Half of women report no symptoms at all.
Men in Middle Age
(Andropause), the period of physical and psychological
change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs
during late middle age.
The most common is the enlargement of the prostate gland.
Symptoms are problems with urination, including difficulty
starting to urinate and frequent need to urinate during the night.
Men still produce sperm and can father children through middle
age.
Mortality Rates
Chronic diseases are the main cause of
death during middle adulthood
Leading cause of death is heart disease
Second leading cause is cancer
Cerebrovascular disease is the third leading
cause
In the 1st half of middle age, cancer claims
more lives than heart disease; trend is
reversed during the 2nd half of middle age
Men have higher mortality rates than
womenSome intellectual abilities decline in middle age, but
others increase
Crystallized intelligence [acquired store of information,
skills, strategies] increases in middle adulthood
Fluid intelligence [ability to deal with new situations]))
begins to decline in middle adulthoodGenerativity versus stagnation - Eriksons
seventh stage, in which individuals leave a legacy
of themselves to the next generation (generativity)
Active involvement in teaching/guiding the next
generation
Stagnation involves not seeking outlets for
involvement / being self-centered.
Guiding the next generation, or improving society in
general or may be self- centered, isolated and
unable to participate meaningfully in the world.Grand parenting
Many adults become grandparents during
middle age
Three prominent meanings:
Source of biological reward & continuity
Source of emotional self-fulfillment
Three Grand parenting styles:
Fun-seeking style
Distant-figure style
Formal style
Late (Old) Adulthood to deathThe Heart
The arteries harden; The blood vessels shrink
Reduction in the capacity of the heart to pump blood
throughout the circulatory system
A 75-year-olds heart pumps less than three-quarters of
the blood it pumped during early adulthood
Digestive System
Produces less digestive juice
Is less efficient in pushing food through the system
The result is constipation
Physical Appearance
Wrinkles and age spots become more
noticeable, skin loses its elasticity & collagen
Hair becomes thinner and grayer
Nails become thicker and more brittle with
ridges
Yellowing of teeth
Sleep has more wakeful periods, with more
time spent lying in bed more tiredness in the
mornings
Diseases of the Eye:
Cataracts: a thickening of the
lens of the eye that causes vision
to become cloudy, opaque, and
distorted
Glaucoma: damage to the optic
nerve because of the pressure
created by a buildup of fluid in
the eye
Depth perception declines.
Smell and Taste:
Smell and taste losses typically begin about
age 60
Touch and Pain:
Slight decline in touch sensitivity with age
Older adults are less sensitive to pain
Arthritis: an inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness,
and movement problems
Common in older adults
Symptoms can be reduced with:
Use of some drugs like aspirin
Range-of-motion exercises
Weight reduction
Osteoporosis: extensive loss of bone tissue lead to became brittle & fragile
Affects women more often than men
Can be prevented by:
Eating calcium-rich foods and vegetables
Having a regular exercise program
Medication
Speed of Processing:
Speed of processing information declines in late adulthood
Often due to a decline in brain and CNS functioning
Attention:
Selective attention: focusing on a specific aspect of experience
that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
Divided attention: concentrating on more than one activity at the
same time
The more difficult the tasks, the less effectively older adults
divide attention
Sustained attention: readiness to detect and respond to small
changes occurring at random times in the environment
Older adults perform just as well on simple tasks; but
performance drops on complex tasks
Psychological & Mental
Disorders
Depression is one of the more common
problems characterized by intense sadness and
hopelessness.
May be a result of cumulative losses in life.
Some psychological problems such as anxiety
may be caused by inappropriate drug doses
Women show more depression at 50 and 60
years of age, but depression in men increases
from 60 to 80
Dementia: a progressive loss of
intellectual functioning caused by
repeated temporary obstruction of
blood flow in cerebral arteries
More common among men with a
history of high blood pressure
Recovery is possible
Parkinson Disease: a chronic,
progressive disease characterized
by muscle tremors, slowing of
movement, and facial paralysis
Several treatments are available
Alzheimer Disease
Progressive irreversible & brain disorder. A
common form of dementia that is
characterized by a gradual deterioration of
memory, reasoning, language, and
eventually, physical functionIncludes achieving what Erikson called Ego
Integrity :The feeling that ones life has been
meaningful, vs. Despair feelings of regrets or
bitterness about past mistakes, missed
opportunities, or bad decisions; a sense of
disappointment in life
Life review - involves looking back on ones life
experiences and evaluating them
Integrity versus despair individuals engage in a
life review that is either positive (integrity) or
negative (despair)Empty Nest Syndrome: a decline
in marital satisfaction after the
children leave the home
For most parents, marital
satisfaction actually increases
during the years after child rearing
Refilling of empty nest is becoming
a common occurrence
Adult children are returning to live
at home for financial reasons
Loss of privacy is a common
complaint for both parents and
adult children
A woman become depressed after
her last child leaves home
Friendship
Friendships have been found to be
more important than family
relationships in predicting mental
health
Unmarried older adults with a strong
network of friends fared better
physically and psychologically than
other unmarried older adults
Positive Psychology and Aging:
The more active and involved older
adults are, the more satisfied they
are and the more likely they are to
stay healthy.
Project InFacilitating learningSubmitted to:
Ms. Myrna O. Carpio
Submitted by:
Joeana U. Velasco
BSED Physical Science 2C
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