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3/4/2014

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Professor Donald McFarlane

Tropical Amphibians

Amphibian Classification

Gymnophiona (caecilians, legless amphibians) 160 sp

Caudata (previously Urodela — salamanders, newts) 300 sp

Anura (frogs, toads) ~ 5000 sp

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Amphibian Classification

Gymnophiona (~ 160 sp )

Amphibian Classification

Caudata ( 300 sp )

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Amphibian Classification

Anura (~ 2500 sp)

28 families, 361 genera

Anurans of Costa Rica

(Important families only)

RANIDAE – true frogsLEPTODACTYLINAE –BUFONIDAE – “true toads”HYLINAE – tree frogsCENTROLINIDAE “glass frogs”DENDROBATIDAE “poison dart frogs”

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Rana forrei

RANIDAE

Eleutherodactylus minimus

E. coqui

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Bufonidae

Bufo marinus

Agalychnis spurrelli

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Centrolenidae

Sachatamia ilex

Dendrobates azureus(Suriname)

Oophaga pumilio

DENDROBATIDAE

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Anurans of Costa Rica

Much ecological segregation is at the larval stage.

Where are the eggs laid?

How/where do the tadpoles feed?

Eggs laid in water:

Open pondsStreamsConstructed basinsTree holes and epiphytes

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Eggs laid in a  nest:

Foam nest

Folded leaf nest

Edalorhina perezi, from Ecuador.

Anurans of Costa RicaEggs laid out of water, on leaves:

Tadpoles drop into water

Eggs hatch into froglets

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Eggs carried by adults

Ranitomyer reticulata

Dendrobates pumilio

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• 32% amphibians areglobally threatened (1896species)• >50% species in trouble!• 165 species believedextinct• 130 possibly extinct• >43% of species decliningin population (<1%increasing)• 500 species – threatscannot be mitigated rapidlyenough and need ex‐situintervention

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HabitatDestruction

• e.g. Massif de la Hotte, Haiti – last remaining cloud forest in Haiti 

• 13 amphibian species!

• Rapid habitat destructionthrough charcoalproduction, slash & burn

• Generally, populationstend to decline moreslowly than in enigmaticdeclines

Enigmatic Losses

Bufo periglenes

1966 – 1987 ~ 1500 individuals

1988 – 10 individuals

1989 – 1 individual

~ 1500m

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Interacting threats: climate changeand disease• Between the 1980s and1990s, two‐thirds of the110 known HarlequinAtelopus species becameExtinct

• Chytrid fungus has beensuggested as the primesuspect

• Unexpected altitudinalpatterns in Atelopusextinctions – istemperature important?

Xenopus laevis

Human chorionic gonadotropin

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Chytridiomycosis – an emergingdisease• Caused by Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis fungus• First detected in Africanclawed frog Xenopus spp. ‐exported around world• Causes extremely highmortality in some spp.• Fungus invades skin –affecting water uptake andrespiration?• Spores persist in soil andwater• Optimum temperatures = 17‐25 degrees but morepathogenic at lower temps

Interacting threats: climate changeand disease

• But why suddenly it hashaving such impact?

• Working synergistically withclimate change – the chytridthermal‐optimum‐hypothesis

• Temperatures in highlandsare shifting towards growthoptimum of Chytrid fungus• i.e. increased cloud cover =cooler days and warmerNights

• Fungal outbreaks causingmass mortality events

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• Endemic to Dominica andMontserrat

• Chytrid fungus arrived inDominica c. 2002

• Action to prevent introductionto Montserrat

The mountain chickenLeptodactylus fallax

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