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Joachim Schmid

OPTIMISATION OF SUSTAINABILITY OF GRAPEVINE VARIETIES BY SELECTING

ROOTSTOCK VARIETIES UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND CREATING

NEW ROOTSTOCK VARIETIES

Joachim Schmid,Frank Manty, Ernst Rühl

Geisenheim UniversityInstitut for Grapevine Breeding

Joachim Schmid Titel der Präsentation16.01.2015 2

Entrance to UNESCO world heritage site

Rüdesheim

Joachim Schmid

Joachim Schmid

• Rootstock breeding and the use ofrootstocks is the result and the answer to the introduction of phylloxera

• All present rootstocks are hybrids of wild Vitis species with specific characteristics

Titel der Präsentation 16.01.2015 4

Joachim Schmid

VITIS RIPARIA

5

AdvantagesPhylloxera tolerantvery high frost resistance (<‐40°C)early bud break, early ripeninggood rooting ability

Disadvantagessusceptible to droughtLow lime tolerance 

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VITIS BERLANDIERI

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AdvantagesPhylloxera toleranthigh lime tolerancesalt tolerantmedium to good drought tolerance

Disadvantagespoor rooting abilitylate ripening

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VITIS RUPESTRIS

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AdvantagesPhylloxera tolerantgood rooting abilityaverage lime tolerancegood drought tolerance – but susceptible on shallow soils

Disadvantageslow vigour (in the motherblock)early bud break

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VITIS CINEREA

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AdvantagesPhylloxera resistantgood drought tolerance

Disadvantagespoor rooting abilitylow lime tolerancelate bud break

Joachim Schmid

ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN HUNGARY, AUSRTRIA AND GERMANY

Sigmund TELEKI (1854‐1910) & Franz KOBER (1864‐1943)

Vitis berlandieri x Vitis riparia• Teleki 8 B• Kober 5 BB• Kober 125 AA• Teleki 5 C / 5 C Geisenheim• Selektion Oppenheim 4 / SO 4• Binova

Carl BÖRNER (1880‐1953)

Vitis riparia x Vitis cinerea (x Vitis solonis)• Börner (Geisenheim)• Sori (Geisenheim)• Rici (Neustadt)• Cina (Neustadt)

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ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN FRANCE

Alexis MILLARDET (1838‐1902) & Marquis Charles de GRASSET (1830‐1899)

Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris / Vitis berlandieri / Vitis vinifera• 101‐14 Millardet et de Grasset• 420 A Millardet et de Grasset• 41 B Millardet et de Grasset

Georges COUDERC (1850‐1928)

Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris / Vitis berlandieri / Vitis solonis • 3309 Couderc• 161‐49 Couderc• 157‐11 Couderc• 1616 Couderc

Franz Georges RICHTER (1858‐????)

Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris • 110 Richter• 99 Richter

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ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN ITALY

Federico PAULSEN (1885‐1937)

Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris• 1103 Paulsen• 775 Paulsen• 779 Paulsen• 1447 Paulsen

Antonio RUGGERI (1859‐1915)

Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris• 140 Ruggeri• 131 Ruggeri• 42 Ruggeri

Joachim Schmid

V. cordifolia

V. berlandieri

V. vinifera

V. rupestris

V. cinerea

V. riparia

V. solonis

V. labruscaV. champinii

V. rotundifolia

44‐53 Malègue

3309 Couderc, 101‐14 Mgt, Schwarzmann

GravesacSO 4Teleki 8BKober 5BB5 C GeisenheimKober 125 AA420 A161‐49 CBinova34 E.M.R.S.B. 1

99 Richter110 Richter779 Paulsen1103 Paulsen140 Ruggeri

41 B Mgt333 EMFercal

VR 039‐16VR 043‐43

AxR # 11202 C

196‐17 Castel4010 Castel

Harmony, Freedom

BörnerCinaRici

1616 CSORI

26 G

1613 C

(according to C. Vasconcelos, 1995, modified)

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ROOTING HORIZONS AND ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF VITIS SPECIES

Vitis berlandieri V. riparia V. rupestrisV. cinerea

SO45C5 BB

125 AA8B

3309C101‐14 MgtSchwarzmann 1103 Paulsen

Richter 110Börner

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ROOTSTOCKS USED IN GERMAN VITICULTURE

Kober 5 BB125 AASO 4Binova5C GeisenheimTeleki 8 B161-49 C420 A

3309 C(101-14 Mgt.)

Sori

1103 PaulsenRichter 110

BörnerCinaRici

V. berl. x V. rip

V. rip. x V. rup.

V. berl. x V. rup.

V. solonis. x V. rip

V. rip. x V. cinerea

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REACTION ON PHYLLOXERA ATTACKS ON LEAVES AND ROOTS

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Rootstocks Clonal Selektion

KOBER 5 BB 1. cl. 13 Gm2. cl. 13-3 Gm3. cl. 13-5 Gm4. cl. 13-11 Gm5. cl. 13-13 Gm6. cl. 13-15 Gm7. cl. 13-21 Gm8. cl. Wü 1379. cl. 40 HP10. cl. 11 Op11. cl. N 10112. cl. Fr 14813. cl. We 48

SO 4 (SEL. OPPENHEIM 4)1. cl. 2 Gm2. cl. 47 Gm3. cl. 60 Gm4. cl. Wü 25. cl. Wü 186. cl. Wü 627. cl. Wü 1028. cl. 50 HP9. cl. 14 Op10. cl. 16 Op11. cl. 31 Op12. cl. N 20113. cl. N 20214. cl. N 20315. cl. N 20416. cl. FR 78

BINOVA cl. 1 Op

KOBER 125 AA 1. cl. 1 Gm2. cl. 2 Gm3. cl. 3 Gm4. cl. 4 Gm5. cl. 5 Gm6. Sel. Dümmler FR 267. cl. F 2618. cl. 80 HP9. cl. N 50110. cl. N 502

Joachim Schmid

Rootstocks Clonal Selektion

5 C GEISENHEIM 1. cl. 6 Gm2. cl. 6-13 Gm3. cl. 6-16 Gm4. cl. 6-22 Gm5. cl. 6-52 Gm6. cl. 6-53 Gm7. cl. 10 Gm

TELEKI 8 B 1. cl. 349-4 Gm2. cl. 349-7 Gm3. cl. 361-2 Gm4. cl. 361-3 Gm5. cl. 361-5 Gm6. cl. L-6 Gm

161-49 COUDERC1. 161-49 C cl. 3 Gm2. 161-49 C cl. 8 Gm

420A1. 420 A cl. 2 Gm2. 420 A cl. 7 Gm

3309 COUDERC1. 3309 C cl. 18 Gm2. 3309 C cl. 2 Gm3. 3309 C cl. FR 465/5

Börner cl.1 GmCina cl. N 401Rici cl. N 301

101-14 MGt101-14 MGt cl. 3 Gm101-14 MGt cl. 8 Gm

SoriSori cl. 14 GmSori cl. 32 Gm

1103 Paulsen1103 Paulsen cl. 92 Gm1103 Paulsen cl. 94 Gm

Richter 110Richter 110 cl. 4 GmRichter 110 cl. 6 Gm

Joachim Schmid

• GLRaV1, GLRaV2, GLRaV3, GLRaV4, GLRaV5, GLRaV9• GVA• GVB• GfkV-A • GfkV-B • GFLV• ARMV• ToRSV• RG• RRSV• RSPaV• Phytoplasms • Agrobacterium vitis

TESTING OF CLONAL MATERIAL(PCR AND ELISA)

Titel der Präsentation 16.01.2015 18

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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOTSTOCKS:

vigour and appropriate growth behaviour

good rooting ability

capability of resistance to stress, diseases & pests

early and good wood ripening / lignification

good graftability (callussing and rooting)

ecological variability / special on-site adaptability

efficiency of nutrients uptake

compatibility with scion variety (affinity)

plant longevity

positive effects on grape and wine quality

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INTERDEPENDENCIES OF SCION -ROOTSTOCK - SOIL

trellis system

plant spacing

fertilisation andmanuring

location(micro climate)

soil

scion variety

rootstock

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leaf area

Productionof carbohydrate

Canopytranslucency

Effects of increasing vigour

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- rootstocks‘ impact on vegetation and growth habit

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Richter 110

101-14 MGt

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- do weaker rootstocks help reducing yields ?

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Length of internodes of Pinot noir on different rootstocks

125 AA

SORI

cm

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Do rootstocks have aninfluence on color density 

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ANTHOCYAN CONTENT OF PINOT NOIR GRAPES ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS IN RELATION TO CONFERED VIGOUR (SOBE, 2010)

Vigour

Vigour

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BUNCH ROT

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Berry weight of Pinot Noir on different rootstocks

Berry weight (g/10

0 be

rries)

Rootstock varieties

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POTASSIUM CONTENT IN GRAPE JUICE ON DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES

0200

400600800

1000

120014001600

18002000

pota

ssiu

m (m

g/l)

stoney loam65% Ca CO3

argillaceousschist (acid)

loess 20% Ca CO3

sandy loam(acid)

soil type

Börner125 AA

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A - GeisenheimB - HattenheimC - HeppenheimD - IngelheimE - OppenheimF - LonsheimG -Bad DürkheimH - RoschbachI - EndingenJ - HeilbronnK- Marktheidenfeld

Current Adaptation Trial Sites

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DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE ROSCHBACHSCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM

Vineyard site Roschbach

Year of planting 2002

Row spacing 2,00m

Vine spacing 1,20m

Training system VSP, single cane Guyot

Soil type Clayey loamto loamy sand

Water holdingcapacity (mm)

180

Lime contenttopsoil (%)

0

Lime contentsub soil (%)

0‐5

38

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Medium vigourMedium vigour

High vigourHigh vigour

Low vigourLow vigour

Joachim Schmid

DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE GEISENHEIMSCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM

Vineyard site Geisenheim

Year of planting 2003

Row spacing 1,80m

Vine spacing 1,30m

Training system VSP, single cane Guyot

Soil type Loamy to clayey loam

Water holdingcapacity (mm)

360

Lime contenttopsoil (%)

8‐20

Lime contentsub soil (%)

20‐40

40

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Medium vigourMedium vigour

High vigourHigh vigour

Low vigourLow vigour

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DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE OPPENHEIMSCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM

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Vineyard site Oppenheim

Year of planting 2000

Row spacing 2,00m

Vine spacing 1,07m

Training system VSP, single cane Guyot

Soil type sandy loam

Water holdingcapacity (mm)

190

Lime contenttopsoil (%)

15 – 20

Lime contentsub soil (%)

25 ‐ 50

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Medium vigourMedium vigour

High vigourHigh vigour

Low vigourLow vigour

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TELEKI 8B

Teleki 8B

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161-49 C

161‐49 C

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BÖRNER

Börner

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GRAPES OF PINOT NOIR ON THE ROOTSTOCK 161-49C AND ON BÖRNER ON THE TRIAL SITE OPPENHEIM

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161‐49 C Börner

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• Some problems still remain• small genetic basis of the used varieties

(10 varieties grown on 90% of vineyardsworldwide)

• large number of grapevine growing regions(different climates and different soils)

Titel der Präsentation 16.01.2015 48

Joachim Schmid 49

PHYLLOXERA RESISTANT ROOTSTOCKS ARE NOT SUITABLE FOR ALL SITES

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Aims of Rootstock Breeding

phylloxera resistence sufficient wood production (cuttings) good grafting affinity good rooting ability adaptation to

soils with high lime content sites with drought conditions

positive effects on grape and wine quality

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HOW CAN WE REACH THIS AIMS ?

by crossbreeding of varietieswith well known characteristicslike:

125 AA5BB41B

Getting a wider genetic range byusing wild Vitis species with specialcharacteristics

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CROSSBREEDING

till now

124 populations> 60.000 seeds> 20.000 seedlings

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NECROTIC REACTION AFTER PHYLLOXERA ATTACK ON THE LEAF

1351 seedlings with total phylloxera resistance

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FEMALE CROSSBREEDING PARTNERS AND THE PERCENTAGE OF PHYLLOXERARESISTANT SEEDLINGS IN THE POPULATION

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

phyl

loxe

ra r

esis

tant

see

dlin

gs

(%)

Berl. R

ess,

125 A

ADog

Ridg

eBino

va16

1-49 C

Georgi

kon 2

8Gm 62

8-1

Ferca

l

V. nov

o mex

icana

5 BB

112 D 41

B10

1-14 M

G14

3 A

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Production of cuttings

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Success in the nursery

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Adaptation to different sites First informations after a few years

A wide range of different soiltypes necessary

Special attention: limestone, high pH Influence of rootstock on vigour, yield and

quality

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ROOTSTOCKS AND CROSSBREEDING FAMILIESUSED IN THE ADAPTATION TRAILS

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Gm 9242-1

Gm 9242-3

New Phylloxera resistant rootstocks on limey soil

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A number ofnew rootstocks

show clear advantages in comparison to the variety Börner

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THE CHOISE OF ROOTSTOCKS INFLUENCES …

vine vigouryieldsugar contentorganic acidsmineral content (K, Ca, Mg)anthocyan contentberry weightstructur of the grapechlorophyll content

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• Thanks to the phylloxera situation viticulture without rootstocks is not possible.

• Rootstocks are crucial for optimal plant growth and wine quality.• Sustainable viticulture is possible only with healthy rootstock and scion

material. • Only clonal selection can guarantee the supply of healthy and virus

tested plant material.• Breeding of new phylloxera resistant rootstock varieties as well as a high

number of selected clones contribute towards a higher biodiversity.• This allows a better adaptation to different soil types and various climatic

situations.

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ConclusionThe introduction of new completely phylloxera resistant rootstocks will contribute to a larger biodiversity, which is a good protection measure against phylloxera and possible new root diseases. Performance characteristics of the new Geisenheim rootstock crosses are comparable with most of the common rootstocks. An increase in rootstock biodiversity is crucial for the future development of a sustainable viticulture.

Joachim Schmid

Apart from enabling the cultivation of vines on phylloxera infested sites, choosing the right rootstock is essential for modern grape quality management.

Choosing the wrong rootstock can have a disastrous effect on wine quality

The right rootstock is- a life insurance against Phylloxera- a guarantee for sustainable wine production

Joachim Schmid