prof. eden mamut “ovidius” university of constantza, romania exploratory workshop on:...
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Prof. Eden Mamut
“Ovidius” University of Constantza, Romania CAES
Exploratory Workshop on:“Scientifically Challenges of Tomorrow’s Energy”
September 22nd – 23rd, 2010“Politehnica” University of Bucharest
Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in Sustainable Energy Solutions
CENTER FOR ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES
• Aim: To develop a resource of excellence for the Black Sea Region specialized in advanced engineering
• Functions: Research & Engineering, Graduate Programs, Technology transfer, Consultancy, Training & Networking
• Structure: Industry Consortium, International Steering Committee, President, Director, Full-time Research Staff, Project Based Teams, Graduate Students
• Research Area: Applied Thermodynamics, Advanced Energy Systems, CFD, CAD/CAM/CAE & Remote Engineering
• Programs:
• Multi-Scale Engineering
• Advanced Energy Systems
• Highly Engineered Materials
• Sustainable Transport Systems
President: Prof. Adrian BEJAN, Pioneered numerous original methods in thermal
sciences, such as entropy generation minimization, scale analysis of fluid flow and convection, and the constructal law of design in nature
Adrian Bejan is ranked among the 100 most-cited authors in all of engineering (all fields, all countries, living or deceased) by the Institute of Scientific Information
CAES Team
1. Rationale
2. Sustainable Development
3. Black Sea Universities Network
4. Multiscale & Multicriteria approach on sustainability
5. Effective projects
6. CAES Contribution
OUTLINE
1. Pre Industrial Phase [c. 3 000 000 BC to 1765]
AA - Tool making (c. 3 000 000 BC); BB - Fire used (c. 1 000 000 BC); CC - Neolithic agricultural revolution (c. 8 000 BC); D D - Watts steam engine of 1765 starting the Industrial Phase (1930-2025) 2. Industrial Phase [1930 to 2025, estimated]EE - Per capita energy-use 37% of peak value; FF - Peak energy-use; GG - Present energy-use; HH - Per capita energy-use 37% of peak value3. Post Industrial Phase [c. 2100 and beyond]JJ, KK, and LL = Recurring future attempts at industrialization fail. 2008 AssessmentDuncan, R. C. (1989). Evolution, technology, and the natural environment: A unified theory of human history. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Society of Engineering Educators: Science, Technology, & Society, 14B1-11 to 14B1-20
The Olduvai Theory of Industrial CivilizationThe transient-pulse theory
“My father rode a camel. I drive a car. My son flies a jet-plane. His son shall ride a camel!”
AND A SAUDI SAYING
CLIMATE CHANGE I
CLIMATE CHANGE II
CLIMATE CHANGE III
CLIMATE CHANGE IV
CLIMATE CHANGE V
CLIMATE CHANGE VII
Sustainable Development: to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs
Strategy Mix:
• efficiency – enhanced productivity / resource• consistency – enhanced economies embedded in the natural cycles• sufficiency – new concept of prosperity / satisfaction / material wealth
Management rules:
• the use of renewable natural resources must not exceed their regeneration rates
• the use of non-renewable natural resources must not exceed the rate of substituting their respective functions
• the emissions of pollutants must not exceed nature’s capability to adapt
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1. The concept of noosphere (“nous” – mind, “sphere” – the Earth’s cover) V. Vernadsky, Sorbonne, 1922
2. “Noosphere - the modern stage of the biosphere development (environment) connected with the active role of the Homo sapiens” Edward Le Roy, 1927 г.
3. The theory connecting natural sciences (biospherology) with social science. Pierre de Chardin, 1928
4. Transition from One-Dimensional Development to its Harmonization with Respect to Three (Four) constituents:
{Economic; Ecological; Social} The beginning of the process - 1970s.{Economic; Ecological; Social; Institutional} 1996, Commission on Sust. Dev.,United Nations.
THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
“System coordination of economic, ecological and human development in such a way that from one generation to the other the quality and safety of life should not decrease, the environmental conditions should not worsen and the social progress should meet the needs of every person”
Vladimir Vernadsky, 1947
THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Multidimensions:
• Economical;• Ecological;• Social & Institutional.
Multicriteria:
• Economical: Growth competitiveness index, Economic freedom index;• Ecological: Environmental sustainability index;• Social & Institutional: Quality of life index, Human development index,
Knowledge society index.
DIMENSIONS & SCALES
Multiscales:
• Energy system;
• Local cluster of end-users
• Urban / Rural agglomeration;
• Sub-region;
• Country;
• Region.
DIMENSIONS & SCALES
CLASSICAL APPROACH IN MODELLING
• General Laws of Thermodynamics & Particular Conditions
• Process Decomposition
• Global (lumped) & Local (distributed) Process Parameters
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODELING
Multi-dimensional models or „multi-scale” as well as the integrated multi-phenomenological models or „multi- physics” have been developed in time, covering today a large number of applications including the materials science, the nano/microelectronics, the ecological reconstruction, the deactivation of the atomic armament and biotechnologies.
The multi-dimensional modeling approaches (MMD) can be grouped in the following generic categories:
- MMD with the transfer of the parameters – which integrates two or more models associated to different dimensional and/or temporal scales and the resulted parameters based on a model are used as input data for the other models;
- MMD with simultaneously solved multi-dimensional models (in the way used in Concurrent Engineering) – which integrates more mutual influenced models which leads to the necessity of simultaneous simulations with mutual data exchange protocols;
- MMD unitary integrated – consisting of the use of a mathematical device that includes terms associated to different dimensional and/or temporal scales in a unitary configuration.
PARADIGM SHIFT
PARADIGM SHIFT
BLACK SEA REGION
BSR GROWTH
BSR IN THE WORLD
CRUDE OIL FLOWS
BLACK SEA TRANSPORT CONNECTIONS
Surface: 413 488 Km2
Maximum depth: 2245 m
Volume of water: 529 955 km3
Average salinity: 18 mg/liter
Shore length: 4790 km
Riparian countries: Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey
Main Rivers: Danube, Dniestr, Dnieper – 70% fresh water supply
Outflow through Bosphorous: 610 km3/year
Danube contribution: 250 km3/year
Anoxic waters: under 150m
BLACK SEA I
Total inputs of Nitrogen: 647 kt/year
Domestic: 20.3 kt/yearIndustrial: 146.9 kt/yearRivers: 281.8 kt/year
Non-riparian countries’ contribution:
NOx: 70 %Ammonia: 30 %
Total inputs of Phosphorus: 50.5 kt/year
Domestic: 6.7 kt/yearIndustrial: 2.0 kt/yearRivers: 28.2 kt/year
BLACK SEA II
Total length: 2850 km
Mean Multi-Annual flow: 6399 m3/s
Riparian Countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldavia, Ukraine
Drained area: 817,000 km2
Total concentration of solutants : 170 mg/liter (1900) 425 mg/liter (1990)
Ion composition: carbonates (50%), calcium (15%), clorine (13%) sulphates (10%), magnesium (5%) sodium and potassium (5-6%)
Concentration of nitrogen: 355 kt/year (1992) versus 50 kt/year (1960)
Concentration of phosphorus: 22 kt/year (1992) versus 14 kt/year (1960) maximum 63 kt/year (1988)
BLACK SEA III
Eutrophication:NaturalMan induced
IntentionalAccidental
Hydrography & oxygen content Organic substancesTrace metalsRadioactivitySewage watersEffects on marine ecosystems
Algal bloomsDecrease of biodiversityStructural changes
BLACK SEA IV
BLACK SEA V
BLACK SEA VI
BLACK SEA VII
BLACK SEA VIII
BLACK SEA UNIVERSITIES NETWORK
• Aim: The Network was founded for the purpose of developing scientific, cultural and educational cooperation and exchanges among the Universities of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Participating States and other institutions with similar concern for the sustainable development of the BSR
• Members: 100 Universities of 11 BSEC member countries
• Bodies: Conference of Rectors of BSR, Executive Board, President, IPS
• Centers: Center for Advanced Engineering Sciences (Romania), “B. S. Cobanzade” Research Center on Turkology, Baku State University, Center ACADEMICON (Turkey), Center for Coordination of Common Graduate Programs (Greece), Center for Coordination of Summer Schools & Short Term Certificate Courses (Ukraine), Center for Joint Research Projects (Azerbaijan), Center for BSUN Publications (Bulgaria),
• Consortia: BSUN Consortium on Economics & Business, Consortium on Oral Health, Consortium on Tourism, Consortium on RES.
• Web site: Http://www.bsun.org
BSUN FRAMEWORK PROGRAMS
• Sustainable Development in the Black Sea Region, 1998 – 2000
• University – Community Partnership, 2000 – 2002
• Excellence in Education (EXCEED), 2002 – 2004
• Education & Science for Sustainable Development in the Black Sea Region (SUSTDEV), 2004 – 2006
• Generating Synergies, 2006 -2008
BSUN PROGRAM 2008 – 2010
• Implementation of the Bologna Process and Post-Bologna Phase
• Regional Programs
• Joint Research Projects & Innovation
• Intercultural Exchange and Social Cohesion
BSUN PRIORITY THEMES
1. Sustainable Development
2. Networking on Innovation and Knowledge Transfer
3. Energy Security & Renewable Energy Sources
4. Advanced & Multifunctional Materials
5. IT&C - Networking & High Performance Computing
6. E-health & Telemedicine
7. Social & Cultural Cohesion in the BSR
Priority Theme 1
Sustainable Development
Responsible: Prof. M. Zgurovski, KPI;
Priority projects:
• Elaboration of the system approach for estimation of sustainable development;
• A System for Ecological Aero Monitoring.
Priority Theme 1
THE KIEV DECLARATION OF THE UNIVERSITY RECTORS FROM THE BLACK SEA REGION ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 2008
Priority Theme 3
Energy Security and Renewable Energy Sources
Responsible: Prof. E. Mamut, OUC
Priority projects:
• Black Sea Region policy in the sphere of energy and climate changes;
• Black Sea Solar Net.
EUROPEAN INSTITUTES OF INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY - EIT
GAUGING MATRIX OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Ecological
Ie= Ies = ESI
Economic
Iec= F(Ic,Ief)
Social+Institutional
Is= F(Iq,Ihd,Iks)
Is
Ie
Iec
Isd
GENERAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL
GLOBAL INDICES
GLOBAL DATA SOURCES
47
Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008
CountryGDP per capita
2007 2006 2005
rank
Isd
G index Econo
mic index
Ecological
index
Social index
rank
Isd
G index rank
Isd
G
index
Very High Switzerland $35,300 1 0,844 0,576 0.680 0,955 0,898 3 0,864 0,855 5 0,738 0,472
New Zeland $24,200 2 0,799 0,600 0,650 0,889 0,857 2 0,864 0,945 11 0,713 0,485
Finland $30,600 3 0,798 0,581 0,649 0,914 0,831 1 0,865 0,988 1 0,786 0,570
Sweden $30,600 4 0,798 0,525 0,629 0,931 0,833 5 0,863 0,963 3 0,774 0,467
Norway $42,400 5 0,797 0,475 0,605 0,931 0,854 15 0,822 0,889 4 0,755 0,371
USA $42,000 6 0,796 0,681 0,687 0,810 0,891 8 0,845 0,827 13 0,695 0,467
Canada $32,900 7 0,795 0,658 0,668 0,866 0,851 9 0,843 0,969 8 0,720 0,523
France $30,000 8 0,788 0,454 0,586 0,878 0,901 11 0,833 0,814 21 0,641 0,329
Germany $29,800 9 0,787 0,578 0,632 0,863 0,868 17 0,818 0,915 14 0,687 0,446
Iceland $34,900 10 0,785 0,587 0,634 0,876 0,844 16 0,822 0,949 2 0,780 0,514
Austria $32,900 11 0,783 0,527 0,612 0,894 0,844 10 0,843 0,894 12 0,708 0,459
United Kingdom $30,900 12 0,781 0,680 0,668 0,863 0,813 6 0,855 0,947
Denmark $33,400 13 0,781 0,705 0,674 0,840 0,830 4 0,864 0,921 7 0,731 0,449
Australia $32,000 14 0,781 0,669 0,669 0,798 0,876 7 0,851 0,843 10 0,716 0,492
Luxemburg $55,600 15 0,779 0,570 0,625 0,831 0,882 18 0,817 0,860 6 0,738 0,501
Japan $30,700 16 0,775 0,611 0,634 0,845 0,847 13 0,828 0,954 16 0,680 0,362
Ireland $34,100 17 0,765 0,714 0,664 0,827 0,805 14 0,827 0,945 9 0,716 0,547
Netherlands $30,600 18 0,764 0,675 0,654 0,787 0,852 12 0,830 0,869 15 0,684 0,411
Spain $25,200 19 0,756 0,508 0,582 0,831 0,855 20 0,797 0,851 22 0,626 0,287
48
Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008
CountryGDP per
capita
2007 2006 2005
rank
Isd
G index Econo
mic index
Ecological
index
Social index
rank
Isd
G index rank
Isd
G
index
High
Estonia $16,400 20 0,749 0,624 0,626 0,852 0,770 38 0,717 0,564 18 0,662 0,737
Belgium $31,900 21 0,747 0,605 0,613 0,784 0,843 19 0,803 0,859 25 0,615 0,245
Italy $28,400 22 0,744 0,391 0,531 0,842 0,861 23 0,780 0,741 26 0,613 0,215
Lithuania 23 0,744 0,513 0,579 0,862 0,791
Chile $11,300 24 0,743 0,671 0,638 0,834 0,759 24 0,780 0,930 20 0,642 0,614
Portugal $18,600 25 0,741 0,437 0,546 0,858 0,819 22 0,790 0,814
Costa Rica $10,100 26 0,738 0,368 0,530 0,905 0,778 32 0,735 0,783 27 0,607 0,288
Latvia $13,000 27 0,738 0,454 0,562 0,888 0,763 47 0,688 0,718 24 0,618 0,467
Korea, Sonth 28 0,733 0,640 0,610 0,794 0,796 32 0,591 0,234
Slovenia $21,000 29 0,733 0,398 0,527 0,863 0,809 28 0,760 0,849
Slovakia $15,800 30 0,733 0,495 0,566 0,860 0,772 29 0,755 0,906 29 0,601 0,444
Hungary $16,100 31 0,729 0,481 0,554 0,842 0,792 31 0,749 0,894 30 0,601 0,403
Israel $22,300 32 0,723 0,609 0,591 0,796 0,781 25 0,776 0,873 23 0,623 0,378
Uruguay 33 0,719 0,466 0,539 0,823 0,796 19 0,647 0,257
Czech Republic $18,100 34 0,712 0,577 0,572 0,768 0,796 21 0,795 0,838 28 0,602 0,375
Cyprus (Greece) $20,300 35 0,709 0,574 0,568 0,792 0,767 26 0,769 0,893
Greece $22,800 36 0,707 0,394 0,505 0,802 0,813 30 0,752 0,721 34 0,586 0,279
Colombia $7,100 37 0,705 0,355 0,512 0,883 0,721 39 0,713 0,733 37 0,565 0,332
Malaysia $10,400 38 0,704 0,541 0,578 0,840 0,696 27 0,764 0,807 33 0,590 0,469
Panama $7,100 39 0,703 0,464 0,533 0,831 0,746 35 0,726 0,867 35 0,583 0,320
49
Ranking of Countries by the Ranking of Countries by the indexindex of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008 of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008
CountryGDP per
capita
2007 2006 2005
rank
Isd
G index
Economic
index
Ecological index
Social index
rank
Isd
G index
rank
Isd
G index
Medium
Mexico $10,100 40 0,699 0,525 0,545 0,798 0,755 44 0,692 0,798 40 0,546 0,307
Poland $12,700 41 0,699 0,430 0,512 0,805 0,780 33 0,728 0,789 38 0,559 0,319
Croatia $11,600 42 0,698 0,335 0,483 0,846 0,765 34 0,727 0,732 31 0,596 0,306
Argentina $13,700 43 0,697 0,310 0,469 0,818 0,805 36 0,725 0,709
Mauritius 44 0,689 0,612 0,570 0,781 0,717
Bulgaria $9,000 45 0,686 0,457 0,511 0,785 0,762 41 0,696 0,840 39 0,549 0,355
Brazil $8,400 46 0,682 0,352 0,479 0,827 0,740 40 0,704 0,793 36 0,581 0,282
Ecuador $3,900 47 0,677 0,282 0,456 0,844 0,731 49 0,680 0,697
Albania $4,900 48 0,675 0,365 0,491 0,840 0,696 53 0,662 0,791
Georgia $3,300 49 0,674 0,481 0,538 0,822 0,662 69 0,644 0,880
Thailand $8,300 50 0,672 0,561 0,553 0,792 0,671 45 0,690 0,903
Dominican
Republic $6,600 51 0,665 0,344 0,475 0,830 0,690 67 0,644 0,832
Armenia $5,300 52 0,662 0,556 0,540 0,778 0,668 54 0,661 0,896
Tunis $7,600 53 0,662 0,524 0,526 0,781 0,678 56 0,657 0,788 41 0,544 0,449
Jamaica $4,200 54 0,661 0,512 0,529 0,791 0,663 46 0,689 0,835
El' Salvador $5,100 55 0,656 0,580 0,549 0,772 0,648 63 0,646 0,833
Romania $8,400 56 0,656 0,513 0,506 0,719 0,742 62 0,646 0,681
50
Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008
CountryGDP per
capita
2007 2006 2005
rank
Isd
G index
Economic
index
Ecological index
Social index
rank
Isd
G index
rank
Isd
G index
Medium (cont.)
Russia $10,700 57 0,653 0,292 0,459 0,839 0,661 43 0,693 0,728
Jordan $4,800 58 0,653 0,558 0,531 0,765 0,662 52 0,664 0,949
Turkey $7,900 59 0,651 0,534 0,517 0,759 0,678 48 0,683 0,865
Peru $6,100 60 0,650 0,489 0,511 0,781 0,657 59 0,651 0,962
Bosnia and Herzegovina
$6,800 61 0,648 0,318 0,446 0,797 0,702 50 0,678 0,667
Trinidad & Tobago
$12,900 62 0,645 0,666 0,545 0,704 0,687 37 0,717 0,867 44 0,500 0,304
Paraguay $4,900 63 0,644 0,395 0,468 0,777 0,688 66 0,645 0,716
Kuwait 64 0,635 0,781 0,575 0,645 0,686
Philippines $5,100 65 0,635 0,431 0,484 0,779 0,641 58 0,652 0,879
Ukraine $6,800 66 0,633 0,398 0,455 0,741 0,704 51 0,668 0,766 45 0,485 0,348
Guatemala $5,200 67 0,632 0,473 0,496 0,767 0,635 65 0,645 0,869
Saudi's Arabia 68 0,632 0,636 0,542 0,728 0,626
51
Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008
CountryGDP of
per capita
2007 2006 2005
rank
Isd
G of index
Economic of index
Ecological
of index
Social of
indexrank
Isd
G of index
rank
Isd
G of index
Medium (cont.)
Honduras $2,800 69 0,632 0,496 0,496 0,754 0,645 64 0,645 0,807
South Africa $12,100 70 0,630 0,681 0,537 0,690 0,662 57 0,654 0,857
Venezuela $6,500 71 0,629 0,223 0,407 0,800 0,681 55 0,658 0,641
Oman 72 0,628 0,715 0,559 0,703 0,622
Egypt $4,400 73 0,620 0,465 0,494 0,763 0,604 79 0,596 0,917 46 0,484 0,445
Botswana 74 0,620 0,706 0,541 0,687 0,632
Nikaragua $2,400 75 0,617 0,472 0,473 0,734 0,645 61 0,648 0,857
Moldova $2,100 76 0,617 0,502 0,474 0,707 0,669 74 0,621 0,960 43 0,506 0,410
Namibia $8,200 77 0,613 0,574 0,498 0,706 0,635 77 0,605 0,836
United Arab Emirates
$29,100 78 0,613 0,740 0,539 0,640 0,659 42 0,696 0,899
Alzhir $7,200 79 0,612 0,404 0,474 0,770 0,592 72 0,626 0,871
Azerbaijan $4,700 80 0,605 0,508 0,480 0,722 0,613 78 0,604 0,807
Morocco $4,300 81 0,605 0,523 0,486 0,721 0,608 71 0,633 0,975
China $6,300 82 0,602 0,592 0,488 0,651 0,669 75 0,617 0,775
Vietnam $3,000 83 0,601 0,412 0,451 0,739 0,612 83 0,563 0,901
52
Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008
CountryGDP of
per capita
2007 2006 2005
rank
Isd
G of index
Economic of index
Ecological
of index
Social of
indexrank
Isd
G of index
rank
Isd
G of index
Low
Kazakhstan $8,800 84 0,597 0,684 0,510 0,650 0,632 68 0,644 0,949
Kirghizia $1,800 85 0,587 0,532 0,473 0,696 0,593 80 0,590 0,956
Bolivia $2,700 86 0,583 0,492 0,444 0,647 0,658 73 0,625 0,778 42 0,542 0,269
Indonesia 87 0,583 0,610 0,482 0,662 0,604 76 0,615 0,927
Tadjikistan $1,200 88 0,579 0,403 0,441 0,723 0,572 88 0,541 0,746
Syria 89 0,574 0,442 0,429 0,682 0,612
Guyana 90 0,569 0,406 0,410 0,648 0,650
Uzbekistan 91 0,568 0,600 0,468 0,650 0,586
Nepal $1,500 92 0,559 0,366 0,443 0,721 0,512 86 0,551 0,813
Kenya $1,200 93 0,558 0,494 0,479 0,690 0,506 84 0,561 0,839
India $3,400 94 0,548 0,739 0,488 0,603 0,555 81 0,573 0,603
Senegal 95 0,533 0,614 0,472 0,628 0,500
Uganda $1,700 96 0,526 0,631 0,489 0,616 0,473 85 0,556 0,709
Tanzania $700 97 0,521 0,517 0,460 0,639 0,464 87 0,546 0,759
Kamerun $1,900 98 0,518 0,497 0,439 0,638 0,476 95 0,520 0,805
Madagascar $900 99 0,518 0,838 0,480 0,546 0,527 92 0,528 0,760
Pakistan $2,400 100 0,512 0,685 0,473 0,587 0,476 97 0,495 0,517
Cambodia $2,200 101 0,505 0,774 0,452 0,538 0,524 90 0,536 0,821
53
Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008Ranking of Countries by the index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008
CountryGDP of
per capita
2007 2006 2005
rank
Isd
G of index
Economic of index
Ecological
of index
Social of
indexrank
Isd
G of index
rank
Isd
G of index
Very Low
Bangladesh $2,100 102 0,497 0,557 0,402 0,580 0,509 98 0,486 0,740
Benin $1,100 103 0,491 0,695 0,450 0,561 0,464 89 0,540 0,773
Nigeria $1,100 104 0,491 0,691 0,462 0,562 0,450 99 0,485 0,690
Zambiya $900 105 0,490 0,725 0,447 0,551 0,472 93 0,524 0,809
Zimbabve $2,100 106 0,484 0,010 0,293 0,693 0,467 96 0,508 0,508
Ethiopia $800 107 0,475 0,493 0,430 0,588 0,408 103 0,440 0,548
Mozambique $1,300 108 0,465 0,659 0,434 0,539 0,422 100 0,479 0,772
Mauritania 109 0,457 0,843 0,438 0,442 0,490
Burundi $600 110 0,446 0,502 0,374 0,547 0,417 101 0,457 0,721
Mali $1,000 111 0,436 0,919 0,446 0,443 0,420 104 0,428 0,463
Burkina Faso $1,200 112 0,429 0,828 0,450 0,443 0,395 102 0,454 0,621
Smeech $1,800 113 0,405 0,716 0,378 0,459 0,379 106 0,391 0,504
Very High 0,750 1,000
High 0,700 0,750
Middle 0,600 0,700
Low 0,500 0,600
Very Low 0,000 0,500
54
Ten Best Countries of the World Ten Best Countries of the World PositionedPositioned by the by the Index Index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008
CountryGDP per
capita
2007 2006 2005
rank
Isd
G index
Economic
index
Ecological index
Social index
rank
Isd
G index
rank
Isd
G index
Switzerland $35,300 1 0,844 0,576 0.680 0,955 0,898 3 0,864 0,855 5 0,738 0,472
New Zeland $24,200 2 0,799 0,600 0,650 0,889 0,857 2 0,864 0,945 11 0,713 0,485
Finland $30,600 3 0,798 0,581 0,649 0,914 0,831 1 0,865 0,988 1 0,786 0,570
Sweden $30,600 4 0,798 0,525 0,629 0,931 0,833 5 0,863 0,963 3 0,774 0,467
Norway $42,400 5 0,797 0,475 0,605 0,931 0,854 15 0,822 0,889 4 0,755 0,371
USA $42,000 6 0,796 0,681 0,687 0,810 0,891 8 0,845 0,827 13 0,695 0,467
Canada $32,900 7 0,795 0,658 0,668 0,866 0,851 9 0,843 0,969 8 0,720 0,523
France $30,000 8 0,788 0,454 0,586 0,878 0,901 11 0,833 0,814 21 0,641 0,329
Germany $29,800 9 0,787 0,578 0,632 0,863 0,868 17 0,818 0,915 14 0,687 0,446
Iceland $34,900 10 0,785 0,587 0,634 0,876 0,844 16 0,822 0,949 2 0,780 0,514
55
CountryGDP per
capita
2007 2006 2005
rank
Isd
G index
Economic
index
Ecological
index
Social index rank
Isd
G
index rank
Isd
G index
USA $42,000 6 0.798 0.669 0.693 0.810 0.891 8 0,845 0,827 13 0,695 0,467
Canada $32,900 7 0.792 0.616 0.661 0.866 0.851 9 0,843 0,969 8 0,720 0,523
France $30,000 8 0,788 0,454 0,586 0,878 0,901 11 0,833 0,814 21 0,641 0,329
Germany $29,800 9 0,787 0,578 0,632 0,863 0,868 17 0,818 0,915 14 0,687 0,446
UnitedKingdom
$30,900 12 0,781 0,680 0,668 0,863 0,813 6 0,855 0,947
Japan $30,700 16 0,775 0,611 0,634 0,845 0,847 13 0,828 0,954 16 0,680 0,362
Italy $28,400 220,744 0,391 0,531 0,842 0,861 23 0,780 0,741 26 0,613 0,215
Russia $10,700 57 0,653 0,292 0,459 0,839 0,661 43 0,693 0,728
G8 Countries Positioned by the Index G8 Countries Positioned by the Index of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008of Sustainable Development, 2007-2008
56
Post-Socialist Countries Positioned by the Index of Sustainable Post-Socialist Countries Positioned by the Index of Sustainable Development, 2007Development, 2007
CountryGDP per
capita
2007 2006 2005
rank
Isd
G index
Economic
index
Ecological index
Social index
rank
Isd
G index
rank
Isd
G index
Estonia $16,400 20 0,749 0,624 0,626 0,852 0,770 38 0,717 0,564 18 0,662 0,737
Lithuania 23 0,744 0,513 0,579 0,862 0,791
Latvia $13,000 27 0,738 0,454 0,562 0,888 0,763 47 0,688 0,718 24 0,618 0,467
Slovakia $15,800 30 0,733 0,495 0,566 0,860 0,772 29 0,755 0,906 29 0,601 0,444
Czech Republic
$18,100 34 0,712 0,577 0,572 0,768 0,796 21 0,795 0,838 28 0,602 0,375
Poland $12,700 41 0,699 0,430 0,512 0,805 0,780 33 0,728 0,789 38 0,559 0,319
Croatia $11,600 42 0,698 0,335 0,483 0,846 0,765 34 0,727 0,732 31 0,596 0,306
Bulgaria $9,000 45 0,686 0,457 0,511 0,785 0,762 41 0,696 0,840 39 0,549 0,355
Georgia $3,300 49 0,674 0,481 0,538 0,822 0,662 69 0,644 0,880
Armenia $5,300 52 0,662 0,556 0,540 0,778 0,668 54 0,661 0,896
Romania $8,400 56 0,656 0,513 0,506 0,719 0,742 62 0,646 0,681
Russia $10,700 57 0,653 0,292 0,459 0,839 0,661 43 0,693 0,728
Ukraine $6,800 66 0,633 0,398 0,455 0,741 0,704 51 0,668 0,766 45 0,485 0,348
Moldova $2,100 76 0,617 0,502 0,474 0,707 0,669 74 0,621 0,960 43 0,506 0,410
Azerbaijan $4,700 80 0,605 0,508 0,480 0,722 0,613 78 0,604 0,807
Kazakhstan $8,800 84 0,597 0,684 0,510 0,650 0,632 68 0,644 0,949
Kirghizia $1,800 85 0,587 0,532 0,473 0,696 0,593 80 0,590 0,956
Tajikistan $1,200 88 0,579 0,403 0,441 0,723 0,572 88 0,541 0,746
Uzbekistan 91 0,568 0,600 0,468 0,650 0,586
57
CountriesCountries ofof Black Sea Region by the Index of Sustainable Black Sea Region by the Index of Sustainable Development, 2007Development, 2007
Country GDP per
capita
2007 2006 2005
rank
Isd
G index
Economic
index
Ecological index
Social index
rank
Isd
G index
rank
Isd
G index
Greece $22,800 36 0,707 0,394 0,505 0,802 0,813 30 0,752 0,721 34 0,586 0,279
Bulgaria $9,000 45 0,686 0,457 0,511 0,785 0,762 41 0,696 0,840 39 0,549 0,355
Albania $4,900 48 0,675 0,365 0,491 0,840 0,696 53 0,662 0,791
Georgia $3,300 49 0,674 0,481 0,538 0,822 0,662 69 0,644 0,880
Armenia $5,300 52 0,662 0,556 0,540 0,778 0,668 54 0,661 0,896
Romania $8,400 56 0,656 0,513 0,506 0,719 0,742 62 0,646 0,681
Russia $10,700 57 0,653 0,292 0,459 0,839 0,661 43 0,693 0,728
Turkey $7,900 59 0,651 0,534 0,517 0,759 0,678 48 0,683 0,865
Ukraine $6,800 66 0,633 0,398 0,455 0,741 0,704 51 0,668 0,766 45 0,485 0,348
Moldova $2,100 76 0,617 0,502 0,474 0,707 0,669 74 0,621 0,960 43 0,506 0,410
Azerbaijan $4,700 80 0,605 0,508 0,480 0,722 0,613 78 0,604 0,807
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CLUSTER ANALYSIS 2006
REVERSE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
4-DIMENSION LAYER ANALYSIS
Population 21.59 mil.
Territory Surface 238,391 km2
Gross Domestic Product 2007 121,267 bil. Euro
Growth rate 2007 6.0 %
Structure of the Economy Industry 23.5 % Agriculture 6.6 % Commerce & Services 69.9 %
ROMANIA – General Information I
ROMANIA – General Information II
ROMANIA – General Information III
ROMANIA – General Information IV
Solar energy: 60 PJ thermal 1,2 TWh electric
Wind: 23 TWh
Hydro: 36 TWh 3,6 TWh (of which under 10 MW)
Biomass & biogas: 318 PJ
Geothermal: 7 PJ
ROMANIA – Potential on RES I
ROMANIA – Potential on RES II
Total surface: 1,557 kha
Farming land: 931.5 kha
Forests: 128.3 kha
Inland water surface: 396.8 kha
Shore line: 245 km
Total cereals: 1,166 mt/year
DOBROGEA REGION
SOIL DEGRADATION
BiotechnologiesBiomass
Wind
HYDROGEN ENERGY ECONOMY
HYDROGEN FROM RES
HYDROGEN FROM RES
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES
WASTE NEUTRALIZATION I
WASTE NEUTRALIZATION II
HYDROGEN FROM BIOMASS
Steam-Reformer (Syngas)
Gas cleaning
Shift-Reactor
PSA-Plant
Biomass
Carbon dioxide (CO2) highly concentrated, suitable for underground storage
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Minerals(Ash)
STEAM REFORMING
1st LAW ANALYSIS
LIFE CYCLE ASSESMENT I
LIFE CYCLE ASSESMENT II
LIFE CYCLE ASSESMENT III
Environmental impacts Impact type:
emissions (g/MJ)
Uncertainty
Valueε cents/MJ
Uncertainty
ranges and scope
From fossil energy currently used in plant construction and operation:CO2 equiv.
Plant and truck construction:Transportation of feedstock/residuesMethane leaks SO2 (leading to acid rain and aerosols)NOx (possibly aerosols and health impacts)particulates (lung diseases)Land use
933
−1060.09
0.13
0.01
LargeLarge
MediumLarge
Large
Large
0.20.9
−2.90.02
0.4
0.00NQ
0.15−0.30.5−2
−2 to −5regional
regional
regional
LCA I
Social impacts Impact type:
Cases per PJ
Uncertainty
Valueε cents/MJ
Uncertainty
ranges and scope
Occupational health damage (manuf. & operation): death major injury minor injury reduced span of life
0.60.80.32.0
LargeLargeMediumMedium
0.020.120.000.62
locallocallocallocal
LCA II
Economic impacts Impact type:
Uncertainty
Valueε cents/MJ
Uncertainty
ranges and scope
Direct costsResource use (energy pay-back time given)Labour requirements (manufacture)Import fraction (for Romania)Benefits from energy sold
2.7 y17 p y/MW
0
LargeLargeLarge
1.5−6
NQNQNQ2-5
LCA III
Other impacts Impact type:
Uncertainty
Valueε cents/MJ
Uncertainty
ranges and scope
Supply securityRobustness (up-front investment binds, entry based on technical reliability)Global issues (non-exploiting)Decentralisation & choice (less with large size)Institution building (collection management)
HighHigh
Compatible
Good
Modest
NQNQ
NQNQ
NQ
LCA IV
LCA HYDROGEN FROM RES I
LCA HYDROGEN FROM RES II
LCA HYDROGEN FROM RES III
LCA HYDROGEN FROM RES IV
LCA HYDROGEN FROM RES V
INTEGRATED TOOLS
EXERGY
• quality of materials & energy• reference to the natural environment• internal & external losses• uniform approach to evaluate materials & energy
BASED ON THERMODYNAMICS
• organization degree of materials & energy• the Second Law of Thermodynamics• non-equilibrium thermodynamics• entropy and entropy production
EXERGY ANALYSIS I
REAL PROCESSESmass & energy are conserved exergy is consumed due to: fluid flow, heat & mass transfer, chemical reactions nothing disappears, everything dissipate
exergy of resources = exergy of products + exergy loss
IN
I
IOUTIN
EXERGY ANALYSIS II
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
EXERGY: CHEMICAL
EXERGY: OVERALL
biomass
gasLHV LHV
LHV
biomassch
gaschchemex
,
,,
biomass
gasphgaschoverallex
,,,
EXERGY ANALYSIS III
CHEMICAL EXERGY
PHYSICAL EXERGY
THE RATIO β
ashoashwaterowaterSSoSorgorgo zzCzLHVz ,,,
00 ssThh oph
orgLHV
orgo,
EXERGY ANALYSIS IV
solid
biofuels
liquid
vegetable oils
coal
CO
CN
CH
CO
CH
4124.01
0493.00531.013493.00160.0044.1
C
O
C
H 0567.00159.00374.1
Cz
Nz
Cz
Oz
Cz
Hz
20428.020617.021869.00437.1
EXERGY ANALYSIS VI
Fuel LHVorg LHVorg β εch
MJ/kg organic MJ/kg fuel (-) MJ/kg fuel
CoalVegetable oilsStrawTreated woodUntreated woodGrass/plantsSludgeManure
31.037.618.118.918.918.619.619.1
24.837.614.615.314.813.1 8.2 7.5
1.071.071.131.121.121.131.121.12
26.640.316.517.116.614.8 9.2 8.4
EXERGY ANALYSIS VII
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
Exerg
y (
MJ/k
g b
iom
ass)
Chemical Exergy of Product Gas Physical Exergy of Product Gas
Gasification Process Irreversibility
EXERGY ANALYSIS VIII
50
60
70
80
90
Eff
icie
ncy
(%
)
Based on Lower Heating Value Based on Chemical Exergy Based on Chemical & Physical Exergy
EXERGY ANALYSIS IX
The aim of the project is to develop a demonstration project for de-polluting the Danube River waters by the production of biomass and conversion to hydrogen for fuelling a stationary fuel cells stack of a leisure complex in the Danube Delta, transport bus and leisure boats for tours in the Delta.
The project shall integrate the results of the last 3 decades of experiments developed in Romania for the de-pollution of different lakes and municipal sewage waters by accelerated production of biomass and processing of the obtained yields and the expertise of several European partners in the biomass reforming, stationary fuel cells and leisure boats.
HYRES I
The researches carried out in Romania, have conducted to the development of economically sustainable technologies for cultivation of selected species of aquatic plants for the obtaining biomass through bio-conversion of the pollutants from sewage waters and polluted lakes and processing of biomass for obtaining valuable products.
Among the selected species the highest performance have been demonstrated with the followings:
Eichornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes,
These species don’t act invasive and because of the temperate climate in Romania the economically relevant yields last about 150 days/year.
HYRES II
The installations for production of seed plants, realized in Romania, are of greenhouse pyramid type installations, with different capacities and with a reduced consumption of energy (40 % reduction of energy consumption relative to the classical systems).
The process of production of seed plants is based on the bio-treatment process of used water under the following conditions:
Temperature range between 15 – 37 ˚C;pH between 6.5 – 8;CCO-Cr in mg/L : 200 – 1000;Total suspensions mg/l: 800 - 1200Concentration of active substances: 50 mg/l;
HYRES III
The pyramid type greenhouse for production of seed plants is a concrete structure with side walls made of glass. It includes a continuous channel fitted on the available surface at each level. The experimental setups have included a channel of 1,300 m long and narrow of 60 cm. The construction of the channel allows a very slow flow of the sewage water to assure the bio-conversion of the pollutants and the treatment of the water. At the basement of the building there are rooms for laboratories, for biomass processing and other purpose.The pyramidal types of bio-technological installations have the following advantages:
Vertical disposure of the process for efficient land use;Reduce the required land area with 40 – 50 % , versus classical systems;Reduce the energy consumption with up to 80 % versus classical
systems.
HYRES IV
The obtained yields are in the range of 5 – 8 tones of biomass/hectare/day, for an average of 150 days/year or 750 – 1200 tones of biomass / hectare / season. Efficient collection systems have been developed.
The conversion of biomass to H2 may be done based on the following processes:
bio-chemically processing of biomass (anaerobic fermentation),thermo-chemically processing of biomass (gasification).
For the case of anaerobic fermentation of biomass for obtaining biogas, the results that have been obtained on experimental tanks are of 105.4 – 254.7 liters of biogas/kg of biomass with a concentration of methane between 14 – 79.2 %.
HYRES V
• The integration of RES is a very complex subject which requires much more sophisticated analysis;
• There are there major aspects that have to be taken into consideration:
• Environment protection;• Economical impact;• Potential for new businesses
• It should be prepared a paradigm shift in energy engineering;
• Reconsidering the education philosophy in the field of energy;
• Partnership between Universities and Community
CONCLUSIONS
Thank you for your attention!
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