prof. dr. hassan farghaly askalprof. dr ......analytical atomic spectrometry the hollowthe hollowthe...
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PROF. DR. HASSAN FARGHALY ASKALPROF. DR. HASSAN FARGHALY ASKALPROF. DR. HASSAN FARGHALY ASKAL
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Basic instrumentation system used in
analytical atomic spectrometry
Basic instrumentation Basic instrumentation system used in system used in
analytical atomic analytical atomic spectrometryspectrometry
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The hollow-cathode lampThe hollowThe hollow--cathode lampcathode lamp
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A premixed (or laminar) flameA premixed (or A premixed (or laminar) flamelaminar) flame
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Temperature distribution in a near
stoichiometricpremixed air-natural
gas flame. Temperature in °C
Temperature Temperature distribution in a near distribution in a near
stoichiometricstoichiometricpremixed airpremixed air--natural natural
gas flame. gas flame. Temperature in Temperature in °°CC
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Schematic diagram of a concentric nebulizer system for a premixed burner.
Schematic diagram of a concentric Schematic diagram of a concentric nebulizernebulizer system for a premixed burner.system for a premixed burner.
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The venturi effect in nebulizerThe The venturiventuri effect in effect in nebulizernebulizer
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Impact bead assembly.Impact bead assembly.Impact bead assembly.
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Summary of atomization in flames
Summary of Summary of atomization in flamesatomization in flames
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Background correction.Background correction.Background correction.
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Automatic simultaneous background correctorAutomatic simultaneous background correctorAutomatic simultaneous background corrector
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Anion interferences on calcium
Anion interferences Anion interferences on calciumon calcium
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Modern design for a graphite furnaceModern design for a graphite furnaceModern design for a graphite furnace
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Typical analytical heating cycle for a graphite
furnace
Typical analytical heating Typical analytical heating cycle for a graphite cycle for a graphite
furnacefurnace
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Schematic view of an ICP
Schematic view of Schematic view of an ICPan ICP
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Suggested nomenclature for the various zones in the ICP.
Pre-heating zone (PHZ); initial radiation zone (IRZ);
normal analytical zone (NAZ); boundary region (BR)
Suggested nomenclature for Suggested nomenclature for
the various zones in the ICP.the various zones in the ICP.
PrePre--heating zone (PHZ); heating zone (PHZ);
initial radiation zone (IRZ); initial radiation zone (IRZ);
normal analytical zone (NAZ); normal analytical zone (NAZ);
boundary region (BR)boundary region (BR)
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Nebulizers used for ICP-AES: (a) concentric; (b) cross-flow; (c) glass frit; (d) Hildebrand gird (expanded view);
(e) V-groove or ‘Babington type’
NebulizersNebulizers used for ICPused for ICP--AES: (a) concentric; (b) crossAES: (a) concentric; (b) cross--
flow; (c) glass frit; (d) Hildebrand gird (expanded view); flow; (c) glass frit; (d) Hildebrand gird (expanded view);
(e) V(e) V--groove or groove or ‘‘Babington typeBabington type’’
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Typical configuration for ICP-AES instruments:
(a) side-on viewing of the ICP; (b) axial viewing on
the ICP
Typical configuration for Typical configuration for
ICPICP--AES instruments: AES instruments:
(a) side(a) side--on viewing of the on viewing of the
ICP; (b) axial viewing on ICP; (b) axial viewing on
the ICPthe ICP
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Schematic diagram of photomultiplier tubes:
external views of (a) side-on and (b) end-
on configuration; (c) mode of operation of the end-on configuration
Schematic diagram of Schematic diagram of
photomultiplier tubes: photomultiplier tubes:
external views of external views of
(a) side(a) side--on and (b) endon and (b) end--
on configuration; on configuration;
(c) mode of operation of (c) mode of operation of
the endthe end--on configurationon configuration
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Charged-coupled detector (top) and schematic diagram of the two-dimensional detector array with respect to
wavelength and order (bottom)
ChargedCharged--coupled detector (top) and schematic diagram coupled detector (top) and schematic diagram of the twoof the two--dimensional detector array with respect to dimensional detector array with respect to
wavelength and order (bottom)wavelength and order (bottom)
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Typical detection limits for ICP-AES in ng ml-1Typical detection limits for ICPTypical detection limits for ICP--AES in AES in ngng mlml--11
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Schematic diagram of a Beenakler TM010microwave cavity
Schematic diagram of a Schematic diagram of a BeenaklerBeenakler TMTM010010microwave cavitymicrowave cavity
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Schematic diagram of the three-electrode direct current plasma
Schematic diagram of the threeSchematic diagram of the three--electrode direct electrode direct current plasmacurrent plasma
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Schematic diagram of a glow discharge cellSchematic diagram of a glow discharge cellSchematic diagram of a glow discharge cell
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M + A+ M+ + A+ + e−−−− ion-atom collision
M + A M+ + A+ + 2e−−−− atom-atom collision
M + e−−−− M+ + 2e−−−− electron impact
Ar+ + X Ar + X+ charge transfer
Arm + X Ar + X+ + e−−−− penning ionization
M + AM + A++ MM++ + A+ A++ + e+ e−−−−−−−− ionion--atom collisionatom collision
M + AM + A MM++ + A+ A++ + 2e+ 2e−−−−−−−− atomatom--atom collisionatom collision
M + eM + e−−−−−−−− MM++ + 2e+ 2e−−−−−−−− electron impactelectron impact
ArAr++ + X+ X ArAr + X+ X++ charge transfercharge transfer
ArArmm + X+ X ArAr + X+ X++ + e+ e−−−−−−−− penning ionizationpenning ionization
Types of ionization processesTypes of ionization processesTypes of ionization processes
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Types of atomic fluorescence.Types of atomic fluorescence.Types of atomic fluorescence.
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A microwave-excited electrodelessdischarge lamp
A microwaveA microwave--excited excited electrodelesselectrodelessdischarge lampdischarge lamp
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Hydride generation
systems: (a) batch
mode operation;
(b) continuous
mode operation
Hydride generation Hydride generation
systems: (a) batch systems: (a) batch
mode operation; mode operation;
(b) continuous (b) continuous
mode operationmode operation
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Typical cold vapour generation AAS system used for mercury determination. The same system can be used with a flame in place of the
Pyrex tube to allow the determination of hydride-forming elements
Typical cold Typical cold vapourvapour generation AAS system used for mercury generation AAS system used for mercury
determination. The same system can be used with a flame in placedetermination. The same system can be used with a flame in place of the of the
Pyrex tube to allow the determination of hydridePyrex tube to allow the determination of hydride--forming elementsforming elements
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