production technology of french bean pest and disease... varieties

Production technology of French Bean

French bean - introduction

• Kidney bean, haricot bean, string bean, snap bean, navy bean, salad bean, common bean, dwarf bean or garden bean.• Botanical name - Phaseolus vulgaris• Chromosome number - 2n=22• Edible portion - Tender immature pods.• Origin - Central and South America• 1◦ Center of Origin - South Mexico (vavilov, 1950)• 2◦ Center of origin - Peru Bolivia Ecuador(vavilov,

1950)winter vegetables D N singh vishal nath

Country wise production 2014

state wise production 2014

Species status • 1st domesticated species -P. vulgaris – Brazil and Argentina P. arboriginens

(ancestor & wild form)• Europe to India -17th Century • P.coccinius - Runner bean or Scarlet bean• P.lunatus - Lima bean (large seeded), Sieve (small seeded)

or Madagascar bean, Butter or Double bean.• P.acutifolius var. latifolius - Tepary bean or moth bean – drought Tolerant• P.polyanthes - Year bean • P.angularis - Adzuki bean• P.filiformis - Salinity tolerant and Cold tolerant• P.angustissimus - slimleaf bean (Cold tolerant) • P.polystachyus - Year bean• Pachyrrhizus tuberosus - Potato bean (tuber as vegetable)(Except coccinius species all beans are self pollinated)

Lima bean pod

Lima bean flower

Tepary bean

French bean

Tepary bean pod Tepary bean leaf

Slimleaf bean Purple snap bean Runner bean

Botany of French bean

• Three types bean Bush and Pole bean, (Semi pole not common)• Bush types Height 40-60cm, 4-8 short internodes• Pole types Height more than 2 feet.• Pods 4-6 seeded, straight or slightly curved.10-25cm long.• Flowers White, Pink or Purple + Diadalphous stamens• Seeds Non-endospermic and vary in size and colour.• Seed germination Epigeal • Root Adventious root

Morphology of podThree types of pods:-• Parchment pod(seed production) -Fibrous, dehisce strongly at maturity• Leathery pod(green pod) -Less dehisce, split along the sutures• Flesh or stingless pod (green pod) -Indehiscent and non split

Testa of seed:-• White, Black, Red, Brown and Ochre• It like Spots, Fleeks, and Stripes (sharma and joshi, 1993)• Pliability (stringed / string less)

Adzuki bean

Lima bean variation

Lima bean

french bean variation

Kidney beas

Navy beans

Lima bean

Composition of nutrients

Nutrients UnitsCalories 32 k calProtein 1.9 gFats 0.2 gCarbohydrates 7.1 gMoisture 80.1gCalcium 56mgPhosphorous 44mgFe 0.8mg

Nutrients Units

Vit A 600 IU

Thiamin 0.04mg

Riboflavin 0.11mg

Niacin 0.7mg

Ascorbic acid 19mg

Varieties and hybrids – French bean

Bush type (photoinsensitive)• Contender• Giant stringless• Jampa • Pusa parvati • Bountiful • Premier • Pant anupama• Arka komal• Arka suvidha

• Arka anoop• Arka sharath• Arka bold• Arka subidha• TKD 1• YCD 1• Ooty 1• Kashi param

Pole type (photosensitive)• Kentuky wonder • KKL 1• Pusa himlatha• Tweed wonder

Bush typeContender (USA) IARI 1965 Resist to mosaic, powdery mildewGiant stringless IARI High yieldJampa Mexican variety Resist to wiltPusa parvati 1970 X ray mutant wax pod Resist to PM, Mosaic Bountiful pods remain long period in fieldPremier Suitable to TN, black seededPant anupama resist to angular leaf spot, blight, mould, mosaicArka komal Long distance transport, Arka anoop Resist to rust & bacterial blightArka subith Pedigree Sln. - cross Blue Crop x Contender. Resistant to rust and photo insensitive.

Arka sharath photo insensitive , pods per plant (44.5)Arka bold Photo insensitive, resist rust, 16cm lengthTKD 1 (sel.1 X PV118 pole type) HRS, Thadiyankudisai. Pods are less fibrous. Seeds turn

white on maturity.YCD 1 pure line selection, shevroy hill Plants are semi dwarf and bushy. Pods are slightly flat, long,

broad and robust.Ooty 1 Short duration (8 days) High protein (17.15%) Resist to leaf spot, anthracnose and pod borerOoty (FB) - 2 String less beans (Non-fibrous)

Arka anoop Arka komal Arka suman

Kashi Param pedigree method. J&K, H.P., Uttaranchal and M.P. Pole typesArka suman F9 pedigree Sln. Pusa Komal x Arka Garima.

photo insensitive, Good cooking qualities. Resistant to rust

Kentuky wonder High yield KKL 1Pusa himlathaTweed wonder Resist anthracnose Tender crop processingCascade processing

Arka sharath Arka suvidha

Arka bold

Lima bean

Pole type • Florida butte• Challenger• Carolina butter• King of garden• KKL 1 Butter beans

Bush type• Baby potato• Ford hook 242• Burpea bush• Handerson bush

KKL 1 Butter bean • Selection from vilapatti and evolved from HRS, kodaikanal.• Pole type – 2.4m • Pods in cluster• Pods size 11.6cm long it contain 5-6 beans.• 100 – 140 days it giving yield.• 3.5 tonnes/ha

VEENA – Shresta Pvt Lit.

•Medium early, large, erect, bushy plant•Light green pod, length 14-16cm less fibrous•Tolerant to Bean common mosaic virus

VARUN – Amar Seeds Pvt. Lit.• Suitable for cultivation in all season. • Less water consumption • Wide demand in local and distant market

throughout the country. • Available for harvesting within 65-70 days

after cultivation. • The seeds are bold with attractive shades.

Prince - Mansoon Seeds Pvt. Ltd.

• Early Maturing variety• String less Tender• Attractive round Green Fruits• First Picking 40-45 days• Less water consumption .• It has wide demand in local and distant

market throughout the country.

Montecristo – marshalls the vegetable and fruit company.• Climbing French Bean 'Montecristo' is a new generation French

Bean; • Very high yielding and • Produces very long, round bright green beans with white seeds. • Pods are fleshy and very tender. They set well even in poor

weather and the delicious, tender pods are great for stir-fries and salads.

Purple Cascade – Marshall seeds

• French Bean 'Purple Cascade' is a really beautiful variety with a flavour to match! • The plants are high yielding and pods

retain their colour after light steaming or stir-frying.

Isabel - Marshall seeds

•Climbing French Bean Isabel is a robust and vigorous performer, • Isabel has outstanding natural

health and produces plentiful clusters of pencil podded, long green flavourful beans over many weeks throughout the summer.

Climate

•Most are day neutral (Choudhury, 1967), •Some semi pole varieties are short day.•Heat loving plant but not resist high temperature•Flowering & fruiting 18-23 •Soil temperature 20-30C•Seed germination – pole type – 20-25C•Optimum temp. 15-25C - after 4 hrs. pollination

Soil requirement:-

•Sandy and sandy loam soils (Choudhury, 1967) – early crop•Heavier soil – mid season crop•Does not grow high acidic soils.•Sensitive to excess – Al, Mn• pH 5.3 – 6.0 (prabhakar et al.)

Sowing - season (Tamilnadu)

•Hills:February – March•Plains :October – November•Hills:YCD 1, Ooty 2 and Premier.•Plains :Arka Komal, (Sel.9) and Premier

crop production guide 2013 TNAU

Field preparation

•Thoroughly plough the soil because nitrogen fixation •2-3 times plough, soil turning, 1-2 harrowing to remove the weeds.

Sowing

• Bush type :85 kg/ha• pole type :30-40kg/ha• 2 seed / hill :Prasad et al.,1978 - increase yield – remove

one • Pole type : 120x30x20cm paired row • Bush type : 30x30x15cm (paired) hill, 30x30x 45cm plains

Precision farming techniques TNAU

Conti….• Inoculation – Rhizobium – Seeds – low NPK – high yield

COMPARE without inoculation – high NPK.(Kulkarni, 1979)• Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride @ 4 g/kg or Thiram or

Carbendazim @ 2 g/kg of seed 24 hours before sowing to control fungal diseases. • Epigeal germination •Germinate at 8-10 days•Viability loss 9 months.

crop production guide 2013 TNAU Winter vegetables advance & development

Nutritional requirement

•According to Tandon 1991, in tamilnadu•Hills180:125:100 NPK Kg/Ha. FYM 30ton/Ha•Plains 100:100:50 NPK Kg/Ha. FYM 12.5ton/Ha

• For French beans 135:135:135 kg NPK/ha is applied throughout the crop period. 75% of the phosphorous is applied in the form of straight fertilizer as a basal dose.

Precision farming technology TNAU Winter vegetables advance & development

Micronutrient applications

• Zn, Mg - high quality, increase yield and ascorbic acid• Zn + B + Mo at 0.2% (jana and kabir, 1987) increase yield.

Growth regulator • GA3 50-200ppm increase vegetative growth.(prabhakaran et al., 2003)• PCPA @2ppm, L – naphthlyacetamide or B – naphtha acetic acid 5-

25ppm – prevailing temperature when fruit set

Irrigation

•Life irrigation – shallow root avoid excess moisture – 7-10days interval.•Early irrigation require – before bloom and pod

development.•Good yield in low moisture (chudhury, 1970)• 6 -7 irrigation during growth of plants.

Intercultural operation

•Clean inter space particularly 1st 4 week of plants.•After every irrigation - soil loosen – hoeing done•10 days after germination – require earthing up – for stability – next at 25 days.

Mulching • Grass mulching was useful to prevent moisture loos from the soil

and increase the root growth, nodulation, shoot and plant growth and also increased water use efficiency of legumes (gupta and gupta, 1983)• Black polyethylene mulch 50-micron (200 gauges) thickness also

used.Staking • Pole type – support – cane frames – wooden poles connect – by strings.• In row planting – 2m stick – each plant• Cross canes fixed vertical poles at a spacing about 40 cm

Crop rotation – Saini 1996

1. Maize – pea – French bean2. Cluster bean – cabbage - French bean3. Okra – cauliflower (mid) - French bean4. Sponge gourd – radish - French bean5. Bitter gourd – radish – French bean 6. Cowpea – French bean – Bittergourd 7. Amaranthus - French bean –cowpea8. Okra - French bean – tomato

Weed control

• Require 1 ½ weeks of weed free period after emergence to prevent crop yield reduction.(Zimdahl, 1980)•Uncontrolled weed – 69.7% reduce yield.(singh et al., 1984)• Pre-sowing application of Basalin @ 2 lit/ha is done to

avoid the weed problem for 20 -25 days.•Weeding is done at 30th day after sowing and again at

45th and 60th day depending upon the weed growth. Immediately after every weeding earth up is done.

Insect pests

Insects • Bean beetle • Bean aphids• Pod Borer• Red spider mite• Bean thrips• Pod borer• Pod Bug, • Stem fly

Scientific name • Epilachana varivestis• Aphis and macrosiphum sp.• Helicoverpa armigera• Tetranychus urticae• Thrips palmi• Maruca vitrata• Nezara viridula• Ophiomyia sp

Bean beetle or bean lady bird beetle

• Larva and adults feed all parts of the leaves (lower particularly)

Management

• Procure good seed• Remove or burn seed and pod• Spraying malathion or carbaryl 0.1%

Bean aphid

• Pods black substance, leaves twisting, shedding and curling.• Control by Entomopathogenic fungus, Fusarium pallidorosium Methyl

Demeton 25 EC @ 0.025% or Dimethoate 30 EC @ 0.06%

• Damage-both nymphs&adults-sucking cell sap-Black sooty mold develop.Spray Wettable Sulphur 50 WP @ 2 g/l or Propargite 57 % EC @ 2ml/l orFenazaquin 10 % EC @ 2 ml/l.

Red spider mite

Bean thrips: Thrips prefer to feed mostly on foliage, sometimes on fruit. Slightly infested leaves exhibit silvery feeding scars on the lower leaf surfaces, especially along the mid-rib and veins. In severe infestations, the leaves turn yellow or brown and dry on the lower leaf surfaces. Infested fruit is scarred and deformed sometimes discoloured.

Pod Borer• Larva Feeding holes are circular. Half of body hangs outside during feeding. Frass usually

present.

Pod borer, Maruca vitrataEggs are light yellow, have faint reticulate sculpturing. Larvae yellow, shining, have 6 rows of black spots running from thorax to abdomen., head is brown to dark brown.

• Spray Carbaryl 50 WP thrice at fortnightly intervals at @ 2 g/l. Dust Carbaryl 10 D @ 25 kg/ha.

Stem fly•Larvae mines through petiole

and eventually reaches the stem-root junction where it pupates. Feeding causes wilting of stem/whole plant

Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp)• Typical symptoms of nematode injury can involve

both above ground and below ground plant parts. • Foliar symptoms of nematode infestation of roots

generally involve stunting and premature wilting and slow recovery to improved soil moisture conditions, leaf chlorosis (yellowing).• Application of neem cake @ 1 ton/ha at planting to

control root knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp.

Disease

• Anthracnose • Powdery mildew• Rust • Leaf spot• Ashy stem blight• Bacterial blight• Bean mosaic

Scientific name

• Colletotrichum sp.• Erysiphe polygoni• Uromyces phasioli• Cercospora cruenta• Macrophomina phaseolina• Xanthomonas phaseoli• Aphid

Anthracnose • Dark brown or black sunken with reddish or yellowish margins appear, petioles, stems

and pods.• Spray the crop with Benlate 0.2% or Bavistin 0.2%

Powdery mildew • White powdery floury spot

develop on both side of leaf.• Defoliation also there.• Seed and soil born.

• Dusting with Sulphur dust as 25 to 30 kg / ha 10 to 15 days interval.• Karathane at 0.2 % contact

fungicide

Rust • crop rotation is important. • As plants begin to bloom, sulfur or

chlorothalonil can be sprayed weekly on snap and green beans only. • Do not apply chlorothalonil to lima

(butter) beans. • Wait seven days between spraying

and harvest when using chlorothalonil on beans, and 14 days on Southern peas

Leaf spot • primarily on the lower leaves of plants as irregular,

spots. Severe infection causes excessive leaf drop and stunting of the plant. Infection is worse during periods of extended rainfall, high humidity and temperatures between 75 to 85° F.

• Use disease-free seed for planting. Remove all debris in the garden after harvest. Do not plant beans in the same area for two to three years

Bacterial blight

• Transmitted by aphids,• Leaves ruffled, crinkled and mottled yellow

spots• Pods deformed

• Streptocyclin, plantomycin or agrimycin 100ppm

Ashy stem blight • Affected plant black sunken cankers on

seed lings• Small dark sunken lesion is appear first• Lesion spread rapidly entire stem fully

attacked• Disease is seed borne • It control by seed treatment ceresin.• Disease free seed can use

Common bean mosaic• It was spread by aphid• Leaves ruffled, crinkled, yellows

appear• Pods deformed and rough• Control by grow resist variety like

contender, kenducky wonder• Spray imidachloprid 1.5ml/li

Some other disease:• Leaf minor• Angular leaf spot.

Physiological disorder • Transvere cotyledon cracking – • Hypocotyl cracking – low calcium

Harvesting • Seed size, percent seed, dry matter content, alcohol insoluble solids• Ready to harvest 40 DAS• 2-3 weeks after flowering • Green immature pods are harvested for vegetable prupose• Harvest delay – yield increase – quality falls rapidly – fiber develop• Bush bean 2-3 picking, 3-5 picking for pole bean.• Dry bean harvest when pod are turned yellow.• For dry beans, the fully matured seeds are harvested by removing the

entire plant and threshing the pods after drying.

Yield • Green pods – 18-25ton/ha – bush bean• Green pods – 10-12ton/ha – pole bean • Dry pod – 2-2.5ton/ha• The yield of tender pods per hectare is 9 - 10 tonnes in bush type and • 12 – 15 tonnes in pole types.• The grain yield varies from 1.5 - 2.0 tonnes per hectare

Post harvest handling • Grading • Packing• Storage• Pods are shorted out immediately then damaged and broken pods are

rejected from the lots.• French bean highly perishable and rapid cooling after harvesting is

important (pre cooling) to maintain quality

Grading Green bean • Super – uniform shape, tenderness before development of seeds• Fancy – medium size, good texture, before bulging of pods - canning• Commercial Grade – large seed pod – dull colour Dry bean • Extra fancy• Fancy - processing industry• Extra standard - processing industry

Packing • Distant market - cardboard box, CFB and wire bound boxes• Local market - gunny bags or bamboo chips round baskets or

stick baskets and top is provided with cushening material like paddy straw or green grassesStorage • Store at 4 C in 90% RH

Seed production • Flowers – cleistogamy – self-compatible – self pollinated• Chance of cross pollination – (1.1%) – tropics – thrips also

Seed production • Isolation distance

foundation seed -50Mcertified seed -25M

• Rougingbefore flowering -Plant habit, height(bush&pole), leaf shape & colour and

disease. at flowering -Vigour and flower colour.pod developing stage -Pod shape, size, colour and seed borne disease.at maturity -Late flowring and maturity off type easily detected.

Harvesting, threshing and storage• Ripening stage – irrigation stopped• Pods turned yellow colour. May be ready to shatter.• Plants after harvest staked 7-10days for drying.• Seeds threshed by manually and mechanically.• Care should be taken when threshing because seed susceptible to

cracking.• Seeds cleaned and stored polythene container dry clean ventilated place.• Seeds viable two to three years.• Seed yield 12-18quintals / ha

Reference • Winter vegetables advances and development – D.N. Singh and Vishal nath• Text book of vegetables, tubercrops and spices – S. Tamburaj Narendra Singh• TNAU – Crop Production Guide 2013• TNAU – Precision farming guide• Hand book of bean disease – D.J. Hangedorn and D.A. Inglis• IIIVR vegetable varieties a ready reckoner – IIVR, Varanasi• Horticulture statistics at a glance 2015 – horticulture statistic division, GOI• Integrated pest management in French bean for export purpose – DOAC, GOI• Production technology of French bean cultivation : a review – virender sardana, k.

k dhingara (PAU RRS , Gurdaspur)

Thank you……

K.Jagathesan2016653402HC&RI, Periyakulam.jagathesankrishnasamy@gmail.com