producer decision making chapter 4. production - a process by which resources are transformed into...
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Producer Decision Making
Chapter 4
Production - a process by which resources aretransformed into products or services thatare usable by consumers.
Producer Decision Making
Decisions a Producer Must Make
What to Produce?
How Much to Produce?
How to Produce?
How Big to Be?
Producer Decision Making
Resource (input) - A factor that can beused to produce a product that cansatisfy a human want or desire.
Producer Decision Making
Physical Relationships
Land - everything you see in viewing the earth’s surface.
Labor - physical act of performing a task.
Management - the sole responsibility of decision making.
Capital - every manufactured thing that can be used to aid or enhance production.
Producer Decision Making
Different quantities and combinations of these four things will produce different amounts of the product.
Producer Decision Making
Production Function
Y = Output
X = inputs (land, labor, capital, management)
Function Y = f ( x1, x2, x3, ..., xn )
This function is used to determine the level of output given the units of inputs.
Producer Decision Making
Mapping a Production Function
III
III IV
Producer Decision Making
Constant Returns - if all inputs were increased in a constant ratio, the output will increase by the same percentage as the inputs.
Producer Decision Making
Total Physical Product CurveTPP
X
Y
TPP = Total Physical Product
Producer Decision Making
X = 1 acre of land , $1000 of capital, 1 weekof management time.
2 X = 2 acres of land , $2000 of capital, 2weeks of management time.
X produces 5 units of output
2 X produces 10 units of output
Producer Decision Making
Law of diminishing returns - as successiveamounts of a variable input are combined witha fixed input in a production process, thetotal product will rise, reach a maximum,then eventually decline.
Changing the Level of One Input
Producer Decision Making
Changing the Level of One Input
Y
TPP
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
Producer Decision Making
Marginal Physical Product - the amount addedto total physical product when another unitof the variable input is used.
Changing the Level of One Input
Producer Decision Making
Y
TPP
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
Change in Y
Change in one unit of X
Marginal Physical Product
Producer Decision Making
Y
TPP
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
Or it could be measured at a point of Tangency.
.
Marginal Physical Product
Producer Decision Making
Y
TPP
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
What is MPP Here?
Marginal Physical Product
Producer Decision Making
Y
TPP
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
What is MPP Here?
Marginal Physical Product
Producer Decision Making
MPP =Change in output TPP Y
Change in input X1 X1= =
Marginal Physical Product
Producer Decision Making
Average Physical Product
Y
TPP
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
APP
Producer Decision Making
Change in Y
Change in X
Y
TPP
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
Average Physical Product
APP
Producer Decision Making
Y
TPP
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
Average Physical Product
APP
Producer Decision Making
Average Physical Product
APPOutput Y
Input X1= =
Producer Decision Making
Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
Marginal and Average Product Curves
Stage I Stage II Stage III
APP
MPP
Producer Decision Making
Stage I Irrational
As long as MPP > APP it will always be profitable to usemore of that particular input. So because in Stage IMPP > APP everywhere, we will not produce in this region.
Producer Decision Making
Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
Marginal and Average Product Curves
Stage I Stage II Stage III
APP
MPP
Producer Decision Making
Stage II Rational
In Stage II profit maximization will occur. APP > MPP everywhere, and production is stillincreasing with increases in inputs.
Producer Decision Making
Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
Marginal and Average Product Curves
Stage I Stage II Stage III
APP
MPP
Producer Decision Making
Stage IIIIrrational
Stage III is irrational because as we increase theuse of the input X1 output actually falls as aresult. This cannot possibly be a profitableregion of production.
Producer Decision Making
Y
X1 X2, X3,...,XnMarginal and Average Product Curves
Stage I Stage II Stage III
APP
MPP
Y
TPP
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
Stage I Stage II Stage III
Total Physical Product Curve
To determine the optimum level of an input, weneed information about the value of the productand the cost of the input.
Value of Product
TVP = Price of Product * Amount of Product
AVP = TVP / Quantity of Input (X1)
MVP = Change in TVP / Change in Quantity of Input (X1)
Producer Decision Making
$Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
Marginal and Average Value Curves
AVP
MVP
Producer Decision Making
Cost of the input
Marginal Factor Cost - is the amount added to totalcost when an additional unit of the variable input isused.
MFCX 1 = PriceX 1
Producer Decision Making
$Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
Marginal and Average Value Curves
AVP
MVPMFC= PX 1
Optimal Input Usage
.
Producer Decision Making
Total Factor Cost
TFC = Price X1 * Units of X1 used
Producer Decision Making
$Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
AVP
MVPMFC= PX 1
Optimal Input Usage
.
Total Factor Cost
TFC
Producer Decision Making
Adjusting to Price Changes
PRODUCT PRICE CAN CHANGE AND WILL
INPUT PRICES CAN ALSO CHANGE
Producer Decision Making
Changing the level of Product Price
$Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
AVP
MVPMFC= PX 1
Optimal Input Usage
TFC
Increasing Output Price
Producer Decision Making
Changing the level of Product Price
$Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
AVP
MVPMFC= PX 1
Optimal Input Usage
.TFC
Increasing Output Price
Producer Decision Making
$Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
AVP
MVP
MFC= PX 1
Optimal Input Usage
.TFC
Changing the level of an input priceAn increase in MFC
Producer Decision Making
$Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
AVP
MVP
MFC= PX 1
Optimal Input Usage
.TFC
Changing the level of an input price
An increase in MFC
Producer Decision Making
Deriving the demand for an input
Producer Decision Making
Price of Input Quantity of Input
15 30
10 40
5 60
2 80
Product Price $
Quantity of Input
Demand
30 40 80
2
10
15
Producer Decision Making
$Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
AVPMVP or Demand forX1
0 120
$
Demand for input from MVP
Producer Decision Making
$Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
AVP
MVP or Demand forX1
0 120
$
Demand for input from MVP
MFC = Px1
60
Producer Decision Making
$Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
AVP
MVP or Demand forX1
0 120
$
Demand for input from MVP
MFC = Px1
60
Producer Decision Making
$Y
X1 X2, X3,...,Xn
AVP
MVP or Demand forX1
0 120
$
Demand for input from MVP
MFC = Px1
60
Producer Decision Making
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