processes of word formation - morphology-lane 333-2012- dr. shadia

LANE LANE 333 333 --

MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY

2012 2012 –– Term Term 1 1

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By:

Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar

http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/

http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com

PROCESSES OF

WORD FORMATION

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Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

ORIGINAL WORDS

BORROWED WORDS

SOURCES OF WORDS

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ENGLISH NEW WORDS

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

English gets new words by means of

easily definable processes employed

by users of English.

WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

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NEW ENGLISH WORDS

WORD FORMATION

PROCESSES

•COMPOUNDING

•DERIVATION

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•DERIVATION

•INVENTION

•ECHOISM

•CLIPPING

•ACRONYMY

•BLENDING

• BACKFORMATION

•FOLK

ETYMOLOGY

• ANTONOMASIA

•REDUPLICATION

Compounding is the joining of two or more Words into a Single Word, as in hang glider ,breakfast , long-haired.

A. Compounding

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haired.

Compounding•Compounding is the joining of two or more Words into a Single Word,• Such words are called compounds. •They contain two or more words.• Compounds may be written as:� One word as in : cornflakes� A hyphenated word as in : long-haired� Two words as in : high school

cont.,

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� Two words as in : high school • compound words may take three forms.•They may be an “open compound”, a “hyphenated compound”, or a “closed compound”:�Examples:1. sweet potato (open compound) 2.mother-in-law (hyphenated compound)3. secondhand (closed compound)

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

B. Derivation

Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing Words , as in: teleplay, re-ask.

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in: teleplay, re-ask.

•Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words.EXAMPLES:�disadvise�emplane

cont.,

Derivation

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�emplane�ecosystem� coachdom• Usually invented in the heat of speaking and writing.•They are immediately understandable because we know the meaning of the parts.

C. Invention

Now and then new words are totally invented like Kodak and Goof.Few of them find their way in the common vocabulary.

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common vocabulary.

cont., Invention • Coining is the creation of new words without reference to the existing morphological resources of the language, that is, solely out of the sounds of the language.• Coining is very rare, but the most typical sources are invented trade names for commercial products that become general terms (usually without capital letters) for any version of that product. OLDER EXAMPLES: �aspirinnylon

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�nylon�vaseline�zipperMORE RECENT EXAMPLES �kleenex�teflon�tylenol�xerox

D .Echoism

Echoism is the formation of words whose sound suggest their meaning like hiss and peewee. The sound is either natural like the roar of a waterfall or artificial like the clang

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waterfall or artificial like the clangof a bell.

In literature, ECHOISM is referred to as ‘onomatopoeia’.EXAMPLES:�click�murmur

cont.,

Echoism

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�whisper

Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word or both leaving a part to stand for the whole ;lab , dorm , prof , exam. The back-clipped words are those words that

E. Clipping

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The back-clipped words are those words that lose their forepart , like plane and phone.

• Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word.

• There are four types of clipping: 1. back clipping,2. fore-clipping, 3.middle clipping, and 4. complex clipping. Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline.Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from

Clipping cont.,

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Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from alligator.

Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word as in flu from influenza.

Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from multiple words as in sitcom from situation comedy.

• Some of the most common products of clipping are names--Liz, Ron, Rob, Sue, and so on.

http://www.brighthub.com/education/languages/articles/59679.

Acronomy is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words.EXAMPLES:�NATO( North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

F. Acronoymy

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�NATO( North Atlantic Treaty Organization)�radar (radio detecting and ranging).

•Initialisms and Acronyms are shortenings, build from the initial letters in a phrase or name. While acronyms are pronounced as single words (NASA, AIDS), initialisms are pronounced ''as a sequence of letters'' (DNA, USA). (Finegan 2007, 48)•Some acronyms even become words of our everyday language, such as laser or zip code. But the most famous word based on a shortening is the initialism OK.•Initialisms and acronyms can be sub-divided into a few groups:1. Acronyms containing non-initial letters (Interpol - International

Criminal Police Organization, radar - radio detection and ranging)

cont., Acronoymy

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Criminal Police Organization, radar - radio detection and ranging)2. Pronounced as a combination of initialism and acronym (CD-ROM,

JPEG)3. Recursive initialisms, in which the abbreviation refers to itself (PHP- PHP hypertext preprocessor)

4. Pseudo-initialisms, which consist of a sequence of characters that, when pronounced as intended, invoke other, longer words (IOU – I owe you, CU – See you). This kind of initialism is frequently seen on the internet.

5. Initialisms whose last abbreviated word is often redundantly included anyway (PIN number)

G. Blending

•Blending is the fusion of two words into one ,usually the first part of one word with the last part of another, as in gasohol, from gasoline and alcohol.•The two classes, blends and clipped

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•The two classes, blends and clipped words, are not sharply separated, and some words may be put into either class.

Blending

Blending involves taking two or more words, removing parts of each, and joining the residues together to create a new word whose form and meaning are taken from the source words.EXAMPLES:• smog = smoke + fog • brunch = breakfast + lunch

cont.,

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• brunch = breakfast + lunch• motel = motor + hotel • webinar = (worldwide) web + seminar.• transistor = transfer + resistor• autobus = automobile + omnibus• escalator = escalade + elevator

smog smoke

fog

H. Back-formationBackformation is the formation of new words by the removal of an affix. When a backformation becomes established in the language, we can only tell that it is a backformation if we know the etymology of the words in question.EXAMPLES:•sculpt (from sculptor), •burgle (burglar),

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•burgle (burglar), •proofread (proofreading), •scavenge (scavenger)•to vacuum (vacuum cleaner), •air-condition (air- conditioning),•breastfeed (breastfeeding), •skydive (skydiving), •babysit (babysitting).

Changing a word, in part or in whole, to make it more understandable and more like familiar words.

I. Folk Etymology

EXAMPLES:•Type A (foreign words):�Cockroachwas borrowed from Spanish cucaracha

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�Cockroachwas borrowed from Spanish cucarachabut was folk-etymologized as cock + roach.•Type B (one part becomes obsolete):�sand-blind(as if "blinded by the sand") from Old English sam-blind "half-blind" (sam- is a once-common prefix cognate with "semi-").

Antonomasia means the formation of common noun, a verb, or an adjective from the name of a person or place.

J. Antonomasia

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or place.

Examples:�sandwich(from Sandwich who once spent twenty-four hours at the gaming table with no other refreshment than some slices of cold beef between slices of toast).

�Frisben (from the Frisbie Bakery in Bridge Water), �Connecticut (whose pie tins were used for a throwing game),�Vandal (from the vandals a Germanic people who overran southern Europe 1500 years ago and sacked

cont., Antonomasia

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overran southern Europe 1500 years ago and sacked and looted Rome in the fifth century).•Names from history and literature have given us man common nouns:�A lover for instance may be called a romeo, a don juan, a casanova.

•Reduplication is the process of forming a new word by doubling a morpheme, usually with a change of vowel or initial consonant, as in pooh-pooh, tiptop, And hanky-panky .•The basic morpheme is the second half, like dilly-dally, but it may be the first half, tick

K. Reduplication

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dilly-dally, but it may be the first half, tick tock, or both halves, like singsong, neither half, like boogie-woogie.

•The term “REDUPLICATION” involves three meanings :1.The process.2.The result of the process (that is, the new word).

Reduplicationcont.,

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new word).3. The element repeated• The repeated element is the basic or originating morpheme.•The new word is called twin-words.

repetition repetition withwith

Change of Change of

repetition repetition withwith

Change of Change of initial initial

consonantconsonant

repetition repetition withoutwithout

tiptop

teeny-weeny

tick-tick

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TWIN-WORDS

Change of Change of vowelvowel

changechange

TYPES OF REDUPLICATION

Exact Reduplication e.g. bye-bye

REDUPLICATION

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Rhyming Reduplication e.g. super-duper

Ablaut Reduplication

e.g. chitchat

REDUPLICATION

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