problem solving and pbl

WELCOME

PRESENTED BYMISS ANJALI CHATURVEDI

TOPIC PRESENTATION ON PROBLEM SOLVING & PBL

INTRODUCTIONProblem solving is a process that

includes the components of critical thinking and decision-making. It tries to identify and correct the underlying problem in situations. Problem solving requires that a lot of time and energy we spent on identifying the real problem. The most common cause of failure to solve a problem is the improper identification of the problem.

A symptom of a problem is often misidentified as the problem. When you resolve a symptom, the problem will resurface.

DEFINITIONA systematic approach to

defining the problem (question or situation that presents uncertainty, perplexity or difficulty) and creating a vast number of possible solution without judging these solutions.

OR

CONT -Problem solving is a tool, a skill and a process;It is a TOOL because it can

help you solve an immediate problem or to achieve a goal.

It is a SKILL because once you have learnt it you can use it repeatedly.

It is also a PROCESS because it involves taking a number of steps.

CRITICAL THINKINGCritical thinking is an intellectual

process of actively and skilfully conceptualizing, applying, analysing, synthesizing, or evaluating information. The information can be gathered from or generated by observation, experience, reflection, reasoning or communication. Critical thinking is taught and used continuously in nursing, so the nurse can apply that process to manage the situations.

DECISION MAKING

The act of narrowing down the possibilities, choosing a course of action, and determining the action’s potential consequences.

BACKGROUND OF PROBLEM SOLVINGBefore understand the method of

problem solving process it is very important to know about the problem.

PROBLEM

A problem is a part of a situation, that has some kind of barrier, so that it cannot complete its function and cannot reach its purpose (Shibata, 1998).

CAUSES &

SYMPTOMS OF THE PROBLEM

CONT-The symptoms of the problem

have been treated. OrThe causes of the problem has

been isolated.Sure symptoms treatment not a

solution but once you have found the real cause of a problem you can decide how to deal with it.

METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

STEP-1 SETTING THE PROBLEM STATEMENT

DESCRIBE THE PROBLEM

Defining the problem is a crucial step that involves digging deeper to identify what it is that needs to be solved. Diagnose the situation so that your focus is on the problem, not just its symptoms.

CHOOSE WHAT YOU WOULD DO FIRST FROM THE LIST:-write down a list of possible causes.

Write down everything you know about the problem.

View the problem from different perspective.

Identify the component of the problem.

State the problem clearly and specifically.

SETTING THE PROBLEM STATEMENT:-A problem statement is a single

sentence embraces your understanding of the problem.

Not the cause of the problem, but the problem it self.

Setting the problem statement is the single most important action you will take in the whole problem solving process.

It is important that you must be prepare to put in time and effort to get it right.

NECESSITY OF THE PROBLEM STATEMENT:-A clear problem statement enables you to decide what work must be completed to find the cause.

Keeping the problem statement visible during the search for the causes and keeps effort focused in the right area.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROBLEM STATEMENT:-

It must be in a single sentence.

Precise.Understandable to a person

with no knowledge of the problem area.

Based on the description of the problem.

STEP 2

ANALYZE THE PROBLEM

CONT -

In this step you are aiming to develop a detailed specification of the problem.

It also determine who is involved and when and how often the problem occurs.

CONT -

The purpose of this is to determine, what the problem is not.

If things are going well, then they cannot be part of the problem.

By analysing what is right you can eliminate potential causes of the problem and limit the scope of your investigation.

STEP 3IDENTIFY MANY POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS & CHOOSE THE BEST SOLUTION

THE ROLE OF QUESTIONS

--A systematic approach to questioning, ensure you don’t miss any important areas.-If you don’t ask the right questions, you can’t possibly get the right answers.-The best questions nearly always start with:WHAT? WHY? WHEN?WHO? WHERE? HOW MUCH?-Because such questions cannot be answered with a single word, but require some form of comment.

HOW DO YOU DECIDE WHICH QUESTION TO ASK

Essentially your problem statement and description of the problem are the best starting points for generating questions.

Some techniques are also important for arising the questions;

BRAINSTROMING

-Brainstorming is a process of group discussion to produce the ideas.

-To generate as many ideas as possible about:-• The overall nature of the problem.• The actions to be taken to solve the

problem.• Possible causes of the problem.• Specific aspects of the problem.- A member of the group gives an idea, you know it is completely irrelevant. What should you do?• Write down the idea as stated.• Modify the idea to make it relevant.

Ask the members of the group whether they think the idea is relevant.

EXAMPLESHow could we improve access to healthy food in our community?

How could we improve school attendance?

How might we limit cold and flu transmission among students?

BUG LISTING

When listing the things they liked, the group got a very different set of ideas.

It is quick and easy to use and very useful for getting a feel about the problem.

REVERSALS

“REVERSALS” is a simple technique for a change to an opposite direction or course of action.

You simply take an issue that you planned to brainstorm and reverse it.

EXAMPLES-How to attract more customers

into my store?How to reduce the number of

customers visiting my store?How to improve the quality of

customer service?How to reduce the quality of

customer service?

STEP 4

PLAN OF ACTION

During this step, you determine what steps must be taken, designating tasks where necessary. And you decide on deadlines for completing the actions and estimate the costs of implementing them. Typically, this stage involves narrowing down the possible ways to implement the solution you’ve chosen, based on any constraints that apply. The complexity of the plan will depend on the situation, but it should include the who, what, and when of your proposed solution.

STEP 5IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION

STRATEGIES USED IN PROBLEM SOLVING

-Describe a problem and then encourage learners to scan all the elements of a situation.--Encourage learners to list basic questions to use in solving a problem such as:• Who can help for solve the

problem?• Where can information about the

problem be found?• How many solutions to the

problem are there?

CONT -Provide practice for learners

in listening empathically to other’s ideas and in being critical of their own.

Encourage learner to continue to generate solutions to a problem.

Ask learners to go to a new place or person each day for ideas.

SOLVING A PROBLEM INVOLVES A NUMBER OF COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES

CONT-Ascertaining what the

problem really isIdentifying the true causes of

your problem Generating creative solutions

to the problemEvaluating and choosing the

best solutionImplementing the best

solution.

BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING

CONT-Failure to recognize the

problem.Conceiving the problem to

narrowly.Making a hasty choice.Failure to consider all

consequences.Failure to consider the

flexibility of the solution.

PROBLEM BASED LEARNING OR PBL

INTRODUCTION ON PBL

CONT -

Problem based learning is a type of instruction, in that students work together to solve real – world problems in their schools and communities.

CONT-

They clarify the facts of the case.

They define what the problem is.

They brainstorm ideas based on the prior knowledge.

They identify what they need to learn to work on the problem, what they do not know (learning issues).

DEFINITION OF PBL

CONT-PBL is a curriculum development

and delivery system that recognizes the need to develop problem solving skills as well as the necessity of helping students to acquire necessary knowledge and skills.

PBL is a term describing techniques that make students take an active, task, oriented and self-directed approach to their own learning. It can also provide student with insight into the research process.

HISTORY OF THE PBL

CONT-Problem based learning became a feature of medical education during the 1960s and has since been taken up in field of professional training (ex. Nursing, architecture, engineering ). The “authentic” PBL was first systematized by medical educationalists at MC master university Ontario, Canada.

CONCEPT OF THE PBL

CONT -PBL prepare the students to

think critically, analytically and to find and appropriate learning resources.

It shifts focus from the teacher to the students.

“Problems” in PBL are typically in the form of cause, narratives of complex, real world challenges common to the being studied.

PRINCIPLES OF PBL

CONT -Problems develop “problem –

solving skills”.Teacher are facilitators and

guides. New information is acquired

through self – directed learning.

Eight to ten participants are necessary.

Staff set the problems and students attempts to receive them.

CONT -Independence of enquiry. Student solve the problem by using guidelines to approach the problem.

Student meet the tutor weekly or biweekly.

STAGES OR PROCESS OF THE PROBLEM BASED LEARNING

STAGE 1ST -

 UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM

CONT -Do I understand what is being

asked to me?What do I know about the

problem?How would I describe/define

this problem?What are the issues and

component?What solutions are possible?

STAGE 2ND - 

LEARNING ABOUT THE PROBLEM

CONT - What do we need to know in

order to evaluate the possible solution?

Who will collect which information?

What resources are available?How can I teach this, to my

group members?

STAGE 3RD

SOLVING THE PROBLEM

CONT -

How to apply my new knowledge to solve the problem?

What documentation is required?

What similar problem could I solve this way?

STAGE 4TH

REFLECTING ON THE PROCESS

CONT - What went well?What would I do differently next

time?How does this problem related

to others I have experience?What have I learned that can

apply to the real world and other problem?

ROLE OF TEACHER IN PBL

CONT -

PBL is student centred. The instructor’s role can be to model different kind of problem solving strategies.

The tutor acts as a facilitator and resource person.

CONT -The tutor adopts the role of “

information broker” during the learning process, responding with guidance as necessary.

He acts as modeller, negotiator, mediator, evaluator, director, activator and listener.

ROLE OF THE STUDENTS

CONT -Engage with problem, identify

what is known and what they don’t know.

Students must understand they are responsible for research and they have to be active.

Make self – assessment throughout the process.

CONT -Cooperatively organize and

seek information.Develop maturity and decision

– making skill.

REQUIREMENTS OF THE PBL

CONT -Students must have the

responsibility for their own learning.

Learning should be integrated from a wide range of discipline or subjects.

Activities must be those valued in the real world.

CONT -Examination measures

student progress toward the goal of the PBL.

Collaboration is essential.PBL/problem based learning

must be the pedagogical base in the curriculum.

IMPORTANCE OF PBL IN NURSING

CONT -Prepare the nurse to manage

changes in health care.Develop lifelong skill to be

transferred into the clinical practice.

Enquiry based learning.Promotes ethics, partnership,

creativity and group process.It improves the nurses self –

directed independent learning.

USE OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING