probing the first star formation by 21cm line
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Probing the First Star Formation by 21cm line
Kazuyuki Omukai (Kyoto U.)
Contents
• Formation of first & second generation stars
• Their observational signatures in 21-cm line
Before the First Stars
• Cosmological initial condition (well-defined)• Pristine H, He gas, no dusts, no radiation field
(except CMB), no cosmic ray simple chemistry and thermal process • No or only weak magnetic field simple dynamics
Simple physical processes
We can solve all the important processes in computers.
Birth of First Cosmological Objects
Yoshida, Abel, Hernquist & Sugiyama (2003)
600h-1kpc
ΛCDM modelSimulates the evolution from over-density to formation of first objects
First Objects
First Protostar Formation
Now we have reached the protostar even in 3D simulation.
Yoshida, KO, Hernquist 2007
~1000Msun
~1/100Msun
collapse of a dense core ⇒ mass accretion of the protostar
Final mass is set when the accretion terminates.
enlarge
How massive was the first star?
At the end of collapse: 10-2 M8protostar 103 M8 dense gas
Snapshot at M*=64.5 M8 HII region expansionPhotoevaporation of the disk limit the mass of the star.
Accretion Evolution of the protostar
Hosokawa, KO+ 2010
First stars are typically very massive (50-100Msun).
Pop III-II transitionFirst stars (Pop III stars ) theoretically predicted to be very massive(~100Msun)
Stars in the solar neighborhood (Pop I) typically low-mass(0.1-1Msun )Low-mass Pop II stars exist in the halo.
transition of characteristic stellar mass in the early universe from
very massive to low-mass (Pop III-II transition)This transition is probably caused by accumulation of a certain
amount of metals and dusts in ISM (critical metallicity )
Two characteristic fragmentation epochs1) T minimum by line cooling
line-
induc
ed
2) T minimum by dust cooling
dust-induced
Low-mass fragments are formed only in the dust-induced mode.
For [M/H]=-5,Rapid cooling by dustat high density (n~1014cm-3)leads to fragmentation.Fragment mass ~ 0.1 Msun
5AU
Dust-induced fragmentation
Zcr~10-6-10-5 Zsun
2nd gen. stars have low-mass components
Critical metallicity
Yoshida, KO + 2011
• Were the population III stars indeed massive ?
• Which population of stars reionized the universe ?
SKA will probe them by 21cm line !
Basics of 21cm transition
Collisinal de-ex. coeff. Lya coupling: Wouthuysen-Field effect
TS TK
In the following environments: •dense /hot/moderately ionized gas•Abundant Ly a photons Furlanetto et al. (2006)
xa, xc: Lya/collisional coupling coefficientsLya color temperature
TC(=~TK) : Lya color temperature
For 21cm line to be observable, TS must deviate from Tg
Global IGM evolution and its signal
TK
Tg
TS
Absorption: cosmological
Abs. & emi.: astrophysical
zreion
This trough shows the strength of Lya flux
Pritchard & Loeb (2008)
Reionization by Pop III vs Pop II
Pop II
Pop III
Pop III stars: hot & top-heavy emit fewer Ly a photons than Pop II stars do.
Pop II stars make deeper absorption trough (i.e., more Lya coupling) than Pop III.
Furlanetto (2006)
Tb fluctuation signal
Pritchard & Loeb (2008)
3.
2.
1.
21cm
pow
er s
pect
rum
1. High-z regime collisional coupling,
tracks density field2. Int.med.-z regime star formation
enhances Lya coupling reionization reduces neutral gas
rich in astrophysics3. Post-zreion regime reflects distribution of
residual neutral matter
reionization First star formation
Relic HII regions of the first stars
Tokutani, Yoshida, Oh, Sugiyama 2009
Greif, Johnson, Klessen, Bromm 2009
Cumulative effect of relic HII regions
Summary
•First stars (Pop III) were (perhaps) very massive ~100Msun.•Pop III-II transition occurred in the early universe with slight amount of dust enrichment. •SKA is able to detect signals by such early starsaround ~100MHz.
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