print to pixels: digitizing in your library
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Print to PixelsDigitizing in Your Library
Martin R. Kalfatovic
Head, New Media Office
Smithsonian Institution Libraries
The Institute for Federal Library Technicians
July 23, 2003
Overview
• Why?• What?• How?• Who?• Where?
Why?
• Access to Materials
• Preservation
• Increased Modulation of End User Cerebral Cortex Stimulation Potential
Why: It’s Cool!
Why: Preservation (?)Well, not yet … the current state of technology does not allow for the projection of the longevity of digital assets at the same levels as is possible for print and microfilm.
Any conversion from analog (e.g. print) to digital will have some level of loss of fidelity.
However, potential decreased reference to print copies, will reduce wear and tear on the originals.
Why: Preservation?
Why: Access
• Enhanced intellectual control;• Increased and enriched use through
searching and manipulation of objects;• New uses through increased dissemination
of materials;• Enhancements of images (e.g. faded or
stained documents)• Creation of “virtual collections” of
dispersed collections and materials» Adapted from Abby Smith, Why Digitize? 1999
Why: Access
• Enhanced intellectual control– Digitized collections allow for the creation
of finding aids, links to online catalogs, full-text searching capabilities, structured metadata, and other methods of providing “content control” of the collections.
Why: Access
• Increased and enriched use through searching and manipulation of objects– The ability to create collections that
have metadata access to previously inaccessible points allows for increased use.
Why: Access
• New uses through increased dissemination of materials– Rare collections are
generally not accessible to the general public without special assistance or in person visits.
Why: Access
• Enhancements of images (e.g. faded or stained documents)– The ability to “enhance” images,
removing stains, modifying contrast, etc. allows for closer examination of documents that might otherwise be illegible.
Why: Access
• Creation of “virtual collections” of dispersed collections and materials– Materials from different collections,
physical locations, and even different institutions can be brought together in an “online workspace”.
What
• What is meant by “digitization”?– Conversion from an analog format (text, graphic,
analog audio/video, etc.) to a digital format based on a binary series of “1’s” and “0’s”
– To translate into a digital form. For example, optical scanners digitize images by translating them into bit maps. It is also possible to digitize sound, video, and any type of movement. In all these cases, digitization is performed by sampling at discrete intervals. To digitize sound, for example, a device measures a sound wave's amplitude many times per second. These numeric values can then be recorded digitally.
» Webopedia
What
10:10 a.m.
What
• What’s Digitized: Print• What’s Digitized: Graphics• What’s Digitized: Audio• What’s Digitized: Video• What’s Digitized: Born
Digital
What: Print
• Color• Grayscale• Black and White
(bi-tonal)• Full page• Cropped Page
What: Graphics
• Color (usually)• Grayscale
What: Graphics
What: Audio• Wave (.wav)• .mp3• .midi• .aif• Real Media (.rm)• .au• etc.
What: Video
• .mpg• .avi• .mov• .rm• .wmv• Etc.
What: Video"Doratopsis" paralarvae of Chiroteuthis. These specimens, the first with complete tails, show remarkable interspecific differences in tail morphology but little intraspecific variability. Eleven Pacific specimens had very long rigid tails characterized by pairs of large, fluid-inflated lateral pouches separated by 4-6 flat, rounded, lateral lobes of tissue (referred to
here as flaps, not finlets).
What: Born Digital
An increasing number of resources are now “born digital”, that is having no other existence than the online environment. These resources, often composed of elements of the materials just mentioned, share the same problems and benefits.
What: Born Digital
Born Digital
• Electronic only journals
• Citation Databases• Scholarly
Reference database
• Websites
• Version control• Migration of
formats• Authenticity• Keeping up to date
How
• Digital Cameras• Scanning Digital
Cameras• Flatbed Scanners• Direct Conversion
(audio/video)• Metadata
Capture/Conversion
How
• Digital Cameras– Pixel size (1.3 – 5
megapixels)– CCD capture means
the camera takes a “snapshot” of the target
How
• Scanning Digital Cameras– Works like a mini-
flatbed scanner with a row of sensors that “scan” over the image seen through a standard optical lens
– Extremely high resolution possible
How
• Flatbed Scanners– Uses an array of
sensors to scan or slide over the image (much like a photocopier)
– High resolutions possible
– Material must lay flat and face down
How
• Direct Conversion (audio/video)– Analog audio and
video can be fed through various software programs that will re-record it at varying levels in a digital format.
How
• Metadata Types/Capture/Conversion
How: Metadata Types
• Preservation– Describes the “how” of capture of the
image• Administrative
– Describes the use (e.g. “rights management” of the image
• Content– Describes the “what” of the image
(e.g. what it is and what it means)
How
• Metadata Capture/Conversion– Formats like MARC or Dublin Core– Homegrown formats– Capture tools like MS Access
databases or Excel– Wide array of post-processing
database systems to manage these, “Digital Asset Management Systems”
Who
• Library Staff• Outside Contractors
Who: Library Staff
• Benefits– On site– On staff– Materials handling
• Drawbacks– Throughput– Cost
Who: Outside Contractors
• Benefits– Throughput– Cost
• Drawbacks– Off site– Handling of
materials
Where
• Imaging Centers or Labs• Outside Contractors
Where: Imaging Centers or Labs
• Benefits– Library managed– On site– Staffed by the Library
• Drawbacks– Cost of setup– Maintenance of
technology
Where: Outside Contractors
• Benefits– Up to date
technology– 24/7 staffing
• Drawbacks– Materials handling– Rush requests
and special orders
Skills Useful in Digital Libraries
• Metadata (i.e. CATALOGING!)• Photography• Web design• Database design• GS Series: GS-1001 “Imaging
Specialist”• Apple Computing platform• Rare book handling
Conclusion
• Resources for Further Research– List of links on website:
http://www.sil.si.edu/staff/flicc-2003/
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