principles of ecology - handout for biology chapter 2

Ch 1: Principles of Ecology

2.1 - Organisms and their Environment

Section 2.1

What is Ecology?

Levels of Organization

Living Relationships

Inside This Section...

The systematic study of ____________ and their Interactions with the _______________

Reveals the relationships between _______ and _____________ parts of the environment

What is Ecology?

Section 2.1

Ecology is Multidisciplinary. It combines:

Geology

_________

Chemistry

______________

Others

What is Ecology?

Section 2.1

Organisms CANNOT exist in ___________

They depend on each other for survival

They also depend on _____________ things

Section 2.1

_________ Factors: All of the ___________ parts of the environment

Examples: Rocks, Sand, Water, Rainfall, Sunlight, etc.

The Nonliving Environment

Section 2.1

_______ Factors: All of the Living things that inhabit an ______________

Examples: Animals, plants, insects, etc

The Living Environment

Section 2.1

5 Levels of Organization

Section 2.1

Organism

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Biosphere

What is an Organism??

Section 2.1

A group of organisms that live together and _____________, living in the same place at the same time.

How organisms share their ______________ determines how far apart they live and how big the population gets.

Populations

Section 2.1

A community is made up of several _____________ that interact.

A change in one population of a community will cause changes in ___________ population.

Communities

Section 2.1

Coyote and Antelope in Yellostone Park

An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.

Three types of ecosystems

______________

______________

_____________

Ecosystem

Section 2.1

The portion of Earth that supports ______.

This portion extends from the bottom of the ocean to high in the ________________.

If you could shrink the Earth to the size of an apple the biosphere would be the size of an apple peel.

Biosphere

Section 2.1

A habitat is the place where an organism ______ _____ its life.

Grasslands, Deserts, the ocean floor are examples of ____________.

What is a Habitat?

Section 2.1

A niche is the ______ and _________ a species has in its environment-how it meets its needs for food and ___________, how it survives, and how it reproduces.

It is an advantage for a species to occupy a different _______ than another.

What is a Niche?

Section 2.1

Some species enhance their chances of _________ by forming relationships with other species

There are three types of Living relationships (__________ relationships)

Symbiosis (Living Relationships)

Section 2.1

Tapeworm

__________________: A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

______________: When both species benefit from the relationship.

_____________: When one organism benefits from harming the other organism.

Symbiotic Relationships

Section 2.1

Ch 1: Principles of Ecology

2.2 - Nutrition and Energy Flow

Section 2.2

The Source of Energy

Consumers and Producers

Cycles in Nature

Inside This Section...

The power to run, to wake up in the morning, to think, and anything else a living organism does requires _________.

Ultimately we will see that all energy comes from the _____.

Where does Energy come From?

Section 2.2

X-Ray of the Sun

Producers are able to use energy from the sun to make food

A.K.A. _____________

Examples are plants and some weird __________ that we call chemosynthetic autotrophs.

Producers vs. Consumers

Section 2.2

Pyrachantha Berries

Consumers need to Eat in order to get energy

A.K.A. ________________

Examples are Animals

Producers vs. Consumers

Section 2.2

Moose feeding on Fireweed

_______________: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures

_____________: Eat only plants. E.g. cows

_____________: Animals that eat other animals. E.g. Cats

____________: Animals that eat both plants and other animals. E.g. Bears, humans.

_______________: Break down and use nutrients from dead organisms. E.g. Fungi

Types of Heterotrophs

Section 2.2

Food chains are the pathways of ________ and matter through all organisms in an ecosystem.

Matter is in the form of _____________ that organisms require.

When one organism _______ another it receives the nutrients and energy from the organism it ate.

Food Chains

Section 2.2

Nutrition and energy start with _____________ and proceed to ________________ and eventually to ________________.

Every link in the chain only has about ____ of its total energy available for the next link in the chain. (3-5 links)

How Food Chains Look

Section 2.2

Trophic levels are _______________ in the food chain.

A food chain represents only one possible route for the transfer of energy in an _____________.

Trophic Levels

Section 2.2

Producers

Primary Consumers

Secondary Consumers

TopCarnivores

Food webs are models that are used to describe all the possible feeding ________________ among animals.

These are more realistic than food chains because they show how animals rely on ___________ ____ type of food.

Food Webs

Section 2.2

Section 2.2

An ecological pyramid is a model that is used to show the _______________ of matter and energy in an ecological system.

Autotrophs are on the bottom followed by __________________ as you move up.

Ecological Pyramids

Section 2.2

There is a law in science that says that matter can never be _________ nor _____________.

Thus the atoms that make up the nutrients we need to live must be ___________.

Cycles in Nature

Section 2.2

__________________: When water in the air condenses on an object cooler than the air.

_______________: When water is turned into a vapor.

_______________: Rain,snow, and hail are good examples.

________________: When water passes through plants into the air as water vapor.

The Water Cycle

Section 2.2

Section 2.2

Even though the air contains _____ Nitrogen, plants can not use Nitrogen in that form.

_________ and certain ____________ convert Nitrogen in the air into a more useable form for plants.

_____________ is a useable form of Nitrogen for plants.

The Nitrogen Cycle

Section 2.2

SECTION 2.2