principles of ecology

Principles of Ecology

Chapter 2

September 23, 2010 Updated grades posted Up Close and Personal – observations Go get a leaf! Preferably one on the

ground or at least some of you.. Finish reading 2.1 and define

Vocabulary in your own words in your glossary with a picture….

September 24, 2010

Finish up Vocabulary 2.1 in your glossary, own words and a picture

(Chapter 2 in book, section 1)

Notes 2.1, 2,.2

Problem Solving Lab 2.1

Couche’s Spadefoot Toad of Sonoran Desert

Lies Dormant 11/12 months

Sensors that detect vibrations of violent rainstorms

Emerges from sand Males call Females Egg Laying occurs

in pools of water Frogs return to

sand for protection against sun

Organisms & their environment

What is Ecology?? Scientific study of interactions

among organisms & their environment

Living & nonliving, using all fields, math, chemistry, physics, geology

Scientific research by descriptive & quantitative methods

Aspects of Ecological Study

Biosphere – portion of earth that supports life from the air that supports birds to the bottom of the ocean

It is widely diverse – desert to rain forest

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Organisms in Ecosystems Habitat A place where an organism lives out its

life

Niche How the organism lives its life How each species meets its needs for

food, shelter, survival, reproduction – all interactions between biotic & abiotic

(humming bird/polar bear)

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Abiotic Factors nonliving part of an organisms

environment factors include: Air current, temperature, moisture, light, soil

Biotic Factors all the living organisms that inhabit an environmentAll organisms depend on others for food,Shelter, protection, reproduction

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

BioticBiotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

AbioticAbiotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

AbioticAbiotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

BioticBiotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

11stst Level of Organization Level of Organization Organism:Organism:

An individual An individual living thing that living thing that is made of is made of cells, cells, uses energy, uses energy, reproduces, reproduces, responds, responds, grows, and grows, and developsdevelops

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

22ndnd Level of Organization Level of Organization• Population:Population:

A group of A group of organisms, all of organisms, all of the same species, the same species, which interbreed which interbreed and live in the and live in the same place at the same place at the same time. same time. Compete for resources such as food/water

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

33rdrd Level of Organization Level of Organization Biological Biological

Community:Community:All the All the populations of populations of different different speciesspecies that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same time.the same time.

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

44thth Level of Organization Level of Organization Ecosystem:Ecosystem:

Populations of Populations of plants and animals plants and animals that interact with that interact with each other in a each other in a given area with the given area with the abiotic components abiotic components of that area. of that area. (terrestrial or (terrestrial or aquatic)aquatic)

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Ecosystems

Three major kinds of ecosystems: Terrestrial – land, forest, meadows, desert

Freshwater – lakes Marine or saltwater – 75 %

•Begins with the Begins with the SUNSUN

•PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Chemical reaction where green plants Chemical reaction where green plants

use use water & carbon dioxidewater & carbon dioxide to store to store the the sun’s energy in glucosesun’s energy in glucose

ENERGY is stored in glucoseENERGY is stored in glucose Glucose is stored as starch in plantsGlucose is stored as starch in plants

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Producers Producers use use most of the most of the energy they energy they makemake for for themselves.themselves.

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Producers Producers use use most of the most of the energy they energy they makemake for for themselves.themselves.

PRODUCERSOrganisms Organisms that can that can make glucose make glucose during during photosynthesphotosynthesisis

Producers use Producers use cellular respirationcellular respiration to supply the to supply the energy they need energy they need to live.to live.

CELLULAR CELLULAR RESPIRATION RESPIRATION is is the chemical the chemical reaction that reaction that releases the releases the energy in energy in glucoseglucose..

6O2 + C6H12O6 -->> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

The The energy that is not energy that is not used by producersused by producers can be passed on to can be passed on to organisms that organisms that cannot make their cannot make their own energy.own energy.

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Organisms that Organisms that cannot make their cannot make their own energyown energy

CONSUMERCONSUMERSS

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Most of the Most of the energy is used energy is used by the consumer by the consumer but somebut some of the of the energy moves energy moves into the into the atmosphere as atmosphere as heat.heat.

Consumers Consumers eat eat producersproducers to to get energy:get energy:

Herbivores- eat plantsOmnivores – eat Plants and animalsCarnivores – eat animals

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Predators-Predators-Consumers that hunt Consumers that hunt

& kill other & kill other consumers consumers

PreyPrey - animals that - animals that are hunted & killedare hunted & killed

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

ScavengersScavengers consumers that consumers that eat other dead eat other dead

consumersconsumershttp://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

October 4, 2010 Write 2 test questions from your

notes.. Summarize notes Get out your food chain/food web

worksheets from Friday so I can see where you are

Left side ??? Of the day: Differentiate between a food chain and

a food web in terms of energy flow Finish up Food Chain/Food Web wkst Notes for Chapter 2 – Quiz Wednesday

Gazelle Ingenious cooling

system – cool brain Runs at speeds up

to 50 mph Hundreds of small

arteries that pass through a large pool of blood in the nasal passages

Inhaled air cools nasal blood in small arteries like a heat exchanger

October 5, 2010 Quiz on

Chapter 2 WED! Tomorrow

Make sure table of contents up to date~

PS Lab 2.2

Grade Food Chain and Food Web Worksheet

Finish Notes…

October 6, 2010

Differentiate between:

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

And give an example plz!

Grade Food Chain/Web worksheet

Finish up Notes Draw out Cycles

Go over PS Lab 2.2

Food Webs:Food Webs: Are Are

interconnecteinterconnected food chainsd food chains

They show the They show the feeding feeding relationships relationships in an in an ecosystemecosystem

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

FOOD CHAIN – shows the FOOD CHAIN – shows the transfer of energytransfer of energy from the from the sunsun to to producerproducer to primary to primary consumer then to higher consumer then to higher order order consumersconsumers

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Food Chains Show Food Chains Show Available EnergyAvailable Energy

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Ecological Ecological PyramidsPyramids

Graphic Representations Of Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Energy or Matter At Each

Trophic LevelTrophic Level

May be:May be:

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

Biomass PyramidBiomass PyramidPyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biologyhttp://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Energy Pyramid

Amount of available Amount of available energy energy decreasesdecreases for for higher consumershigher consumers

Amount of available Amount of available energy energy decreasesdecreases down down the food chainthe food chain

It takes a It takes a large number large number of producersof producers to support a to support a small number of primary small number of primary consumersconsumers

It takes a It takes a large number large number of primary consumersof primary consumers to to support a small number support a small number of secondary consumersof secondary consumershttp://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid

Human Energy Pyramid

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Pyramid of Pyramid of NumbersNumbers

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Carbon Cycle Carbon is the basic building block

for all living organisms It is moved through the

atmosphere by plants/animals in CO2/O2 exchange through breathing and photosynthesis

Large carbon deposits exist in the oceans and soil from dead organisms

Carbon Cycle

www.windows.ucar.edu/.../images/carboncycle.jpg

Water Cycle Water is stored in all three states

of matter

It is released into the atmosphere by evaporation and from plants through transpiration

It is cycled through precipitation and runoff

http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/wcycle.gif

Nitrogen Cycle Although the atmosphere is >70%

organisms cannot utilize nitrogen in that form

Nitrogen is essential for plant growth, obtained through soil

Nitrogen can be found in all waste products of animals

Nitrogen Cycle

www.windows.ucar.edu/.../images/nitrogencycle.jpg

Phosphorous Cycle Phosphorous is stored in rocks and

soil

Phosphorous is then moved through the rock and water cycle

Plants and animals take in phosphorous

Phosphorous Cycle

http://www.ikzm-d.de/abbildungen/59_phosphoruscycle.gif

Communities

Limiting Factors Anything (biotic or

abiotic) that restricts the organisms population, existence, distribution

Range of Tolerance How long an organism

can tolerate changes in biotic and abiotic factors (ex.: catfish vs bass)

Primary Succession – first species in the area (climax community)

Secondary Succession- growth and changes to the area a after major upheaval, either natural or human, fire, deforestation, earthquake(soil is present already)

Biodiversity- variations in living organisms