principles of adult learning
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Principles of Adult Learning
By Dr Rakesh Kumar
Framework:
1. Introduction
2. History
3. Andragogy
4. Andragogy vs Pedagogy
5. Theories of Adult Learning
6. Principles of Adult Learning
7. Techniques of Adult Learning
8. References
Introduction
• Increasing pace of change in society and advancing technology requires adult workers to have more training and education
• Most of educators are not aware of how to teach adults
• Adult learning has its own characteristics, methods, and approaches
• A teacher of adults requires some basic principles and concepts that can be used to facilitate adult learning with all different setting and audiences
History of Adult Learning:
1833- German grammar teacher Alexander Kapp
termed ‘Andragogy’ to describe Plato’s educational theory 1921 - German, Social Scientist, Eugen Rosenstock claimed that “adult
education required special teachers, special methods, and a special philosophy.”
1968 – • Malcolm Knowles - principle expert on andragogy • Used ‘Andragogy’ in an article in Adult Leadership.
1970- Term ‘Life-long learning’ was coined – to describe the phenomenon of adult learning.
1985-2000: Brookfield (1986), Mezirow (1991), Lawler (1991) and Merriam (1999) addressed the concept and discussed how it can be used to facilitate adult learning.
What is Andragogy?
Andragogy derived from the Greek word
“aner” meaning “man”
“agogus” meaning “leading”
Definition-
Art and science of helping adults learn.
Pedagogy is defined as the art and science of teaching children
Andragogy Vs Pedagogy
COMPARISON PEDAGOGY ANDRAGOGY
Self - concept Dependent personality Increasingly self-directed learning
Role of the learner To be built on more than used
Rich resource of experience
Readiness to learn Varies with level of maturation
Develops from life tasks and problems
Orientation to learning Subject-centered Task- or problem-centeredMotivation External rewards &
punishmentsInternal incentives, curiosity
Planning, diagnosis of needs, Setting goals &
evaluation
Primarily by teacher By participative decision-making
Learning activities Transmittal techniques, Assigned readings
Inquiry projects, independent study, experiential techniques
Theories of Adult Learning
1. Self-directed learning
2. Reflection practice
3. Experiential learning
4. Self efficacy
5. Constructivism
New Theories
Learning to learn
Cross Cultural Adult Learning
Practical Theorizing
Distance Learning
Self directed learning
• Learning tasks are largely within the learners' control • Adults are empowered to accept personal responsibility for their
own learning, personal autonomy, and individual choice
• Five step model of self directed learning:
1. diagnosing learning needs
2. formulating learning needs
3. identifying human material resources for learning
4. choosing and implementing appropriate learning strategies
5. evaluating learning outcomes
Reflective practice
• Described by Donald Schön • Unexpected events or surprises trigger two kinds of reflection
1. Immediate Reflection-
ability to learn and develop continually by creatively applying current and past experiences and reasoning to unfamiliar events while they are occurring
2. Late Reflection –
a process of thinking back and analyzing past situation with unexpected event
• Helps continually reshape approaches and develop wisdom• Vehicles for reflective practice: debriefing with peers or learners,
seeking feedback from learners on a regular basis, and keeping a journal
Experiential Learning
ConcreteExperience
Reflective Observation
Abstract Concept-ualisation
Active Experimenta-
tion
New Learning
Self efficacy
1. Adult’s action depend on their own judgment of their ability to deal with different situations
2. Actions include what they choose to do, how much effort they invest in activities, how long they persist in the face of adversity, and whether they approach the tasks anxiously or assuredly.
3. These judgments, called “self efficacy,” arise from four main information sources:
1. Performance attainments
2. observations of other people
3. Verbal persuasion
4. Physiological state
Constructivism
1. Teacher – a facilitator of learning
2. Learning based on prior knowledge
3. Active participation of students in their learning through problem solving and group interaction
4. Sufficient time must be provided for in depth examination of new experiences
Knowle’s principles of adult learning
Need to Know
Self-Concept
Role of Experience
Readiness to Learn
Orientation to Learning
Motivation to Learn
Pike's Laws of Adult Learning
Robert W. Pike (1989)- author of the book ‘Creative Training Techniques’
Law 1: Adults are babies with big bodies
Law 2: People do not argue with their own data
Law 3: Learning is directly proportional to the amount of fun you are
having
Law 4: Learning has not taken place until behavior has changed
Adult Learning Techniques
Case study Team-based learning Problem-solving
exercises Reflective discourse Simulations Role play Brainstorming Concept Map Problem Based learning Portfolio Learning
Icebreaker
Group Discussion
Think, Pair, Share
Polling the class
Plus/Delta
Compare & contrast
Find primary data,
original sources
Questioning techniques
Icebreaker
• A method of "introduction" to achieve a relaxed, friendly atmosphere
• It breaks down the formality of meetings
Group Discussion
•A method employed to explore all avenues of a particular subject
Advantages:
1. Everyone has the opportunity to participate in the discussion2. Everyone considers that he is contributing to the goal of progress3. Chairman in each group gains experience in leading a discussion4. Spokesman in each group gains experience in summarizing and
presentation the group's discussions
• A method, useful in large or small meetings, to stimulate the creative ability of the members
• It can break established patterns of thinking• Criticism are not allowed in between
Advantage:
• Achieve the maximum number of ideas for a problem in the shortest possible time
• It improves creative powers• It improves communication between people
Brainstorming
• A case study is a written description of a situation that contains a number of problems
• It provides participants with a basis for studying a situation, analyzing its important aspects, and reaching various conclusions
Advantages:• It improves ability to perceive the interrelations between the
factors mentioned• It help participants to distinguish relevant material from the
superfluous• Enable to see matters from the other's point of view as well
Case Study
• This method creates team building and provides an ideal learning and review experience.
Advantages:• Enables to understand the issue and convey it in a creative
and entertaining way
• A live presentation of a topic makes participants retain aspects in their minds for longer time
Team based learning
Think, Pair, Share
Pose a question or problem and ask students to discuss with another
person, often with a goal or criteria provided by the teacher
Polling the class
Ask a question and observe distribution of collective responses – show
of hands, number/color cards, electronic devices etc
Problem-solving exercises
Provide a problem that stimulates exploration in a specific context
Plus/Delta
List what is to be continued or what is understood (+) and what needs
to be changed or reviewed further (Δ)
Find primary data, original sources –
Ask student to read the original work rather than a summation or
distillation of it
Concept maps
• Graphic representation of ideas, actions and situations with words, often within geometric shapes with arrows between them
Questioning techniques
• What if …. – Change the situation and ask the students what if this or that were the case, how would that affect your understanding and thinking?
• Compare and contrast – ask students to describe two different situations that connect to some common link or idea
Reflective discourse
• The dialogue, exploration and discussion among group members during which understanding is shared, questioned and clarified.
Simulations
• Using artificial models and objects to practice and learn something
Role play
• Members of a group assume the role of another person in a particular defined situation or setting and act
Problem Based Learning
• A focused experiential learning
• It engages students as stakeholders
• It organizes curriculum around this holistic problem
• Teacher act as facilitator
Steps in PBL
Impact of PBL on Learners
1. Increases Motivation
2. Makes Learning Relevant to the Real World
3. PBL offers students an obvious answer to their questions
4. Promotes Higher Order Thinking- critical and creative thinking
5. Students gather information significant to the problem and assess its credibility and validity.
6. Encourages Learning How to Learn
Portfolio-based learning
• A portfolio is a collection of evidence that represents achievement and learning within a course or programme of study
• Portfolio-based learning tends to draw heavily on experiential learning theory
• It require:– Gathering and presentation of evidence– An element of critical reflection or commentary – It contains direct evidence of work and learning
From theory to practice
References
• Brookfield, Stephen (1995). Adult learning: an overview [Electronic version]. Retrieved May 16, 2009. http://www3.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/facultypapers/StephenBrookfield_AdultLearning.cfm
• Fidishun, Dolores (n.d). Andragogy and technology: integrating adult learning theory as we teach with technology [Electronic version]. Retrieved May 16, 200. http://www.mtsu.edu/~itconf/proceed00/fidishun.htm.
• Knowles, Malcolm. (1973). The adult learner: a neglected species. 2nd
edition, Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing.• Lawler, Patricia A. 1991. The Keys to Adult Learning: Theory and
Practical Strategies. Philadelphia: Research for Better Schools.• Knowles, Malcolm S., Elwood F. Holton III, and Richard A. Swanson.
1998. The Adult Learner. Houston: Gulf Publishing.
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