principles od disease and epidemiology for exam 3
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THE WAR WITH MICROBES...
Monday, February 27, 2012
PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Monday, February 27, 2012
DEFINING TERMS..Pathogenicity: ability to cause disease
Pathogenesis: steps or mechanism involved in the development of the disease
Infection: colonization by a pathogen (may cause or not cause a disease)
Infectious disease: disease caused by the microorganism
Monday, February 27, 2012
DEFINING TERMS...Localized infections: localized to one site (pimples, boils, abscess)
Systemic infections: has spread throughout the body (e.g. miliary TB)
Acute: rapid onset of disease and rapid recovery (e.g. measles. mumps, flu)
Chronic: slow onset of disease and last a long time (e.g. HIV/AIDS, TB, leprosy)
Monday, February 27, 2012
DEFINING TERMS...Signs: subjective evidences of the disease experienced by the patient (aches, pains, itching, etc)
Symptoms: objective evidence of the disease (verified by laboratory tests (heart rate, lumps via scans, etc)
Latent: symptomatic to asymptomatic to symptomatic (e.g. herpes)
Primary infection: first disease
Secondary infection: complications due to opportunistic pathogens
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STAGES OF DISEASE
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TRANSMISSION: MEANS OF SPREAD
Contact...Aerosols...Droplets...Oral-Fecal, Vectors, Vehicles
Monday, February 27, 2012
REPORTING DISEASES & SURVEILLANCE
MORBIDITY (The rate of incidence of a notifiable disease) = How many got sick?
MORTALITY (deaths from notifiable diseases) = How many died?
Monday, February 27, 2012
REPORTING DISEASES & SURVEILLANCE
PREVALENCE (The total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a specific time)
INCIDENCE (number of new cases during some time period)
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REPORTING DISEASES & SURVEILLANCE
DALYs (disability-adjusted life year)
Estimate the number of years of life lost due to premature death and any years lost in disability
Used by policy makers to determine the level of funding for prevention programs, treatment efforts, and research
Monday, February 27, 2012
FEB 28, 2012
Monday, February 27, 2012
CALENDAR UPDATEFEB 28-MAR 6
Last lectures for Exam 3
MAR 9-13
Journal Reporting
MAR 16
Exam 3
MAR 23
Bio 120 PFG
Monday, February 27, 2012
THE CAST IN THE WAR
Monday, February 27, 2012
THE CAST IN THE WAR
Monday, February 27, 2012
THE CAST IN THE WAR
Monday, February 27, 2012
THE CAST IN THE WAR
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STEPS IN PATHOGENESIS
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VIRULENCE FACTORS
1. Bacterial Structures (flagella, capsules, pili)
2. Enzymes (coagulase, kinases, hyaluronidase, lecithinase, necrotizing enzymes)
3. Toxins (exotoxins, endotoxins like neurotoxins and enterotoxins)
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IMPORTANT ACTIONS OF TOXINS
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How do genes get transferred laterally?
(from Redfield, Nat. Rev. Genet. 2001)
Transduction:via bacteriophage
Transformation:integrating free DNAor plasmids
Conjugation:direct contact
Monday, February 27, 2012
How do genes get transferred laterally?
(from Redfield, Nat. Rev. Genet. 2001)
Transduction:via bacteriophage
Transformation:integrating free DNAor plasmids
Conjugation:direct contact
Staph aureus = plasmid (B-lactamase, tets, eryth, amynoglycosides); chromosome (nafcillin, meth, oxacillin); tolerance
Monday, February 27, 2012
FOR VIRUSES...
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Monday, February 27, 2012
ENVIRONMENT FACTORS: Enabling or Preventing InfectionProbability of Encounters Between Host and Agent
Climate Change and Weather Disturbances
Health Care Advances
Industrialization and Land Use
Non-Adherence to PH and good hygiene practices
Monday, February 27, 2012
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
Monday, February 27, 2012
PREVENTIVE ENVIRONMENT
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND WEATHER DISTURBANCES
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HEALTH CARE ADVANCES & DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
Monday, February 27, 2012
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