primary alcohols and hexane
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Ca
ndida
tes m
ust
com
pl et e
this
p ge
and
hen
g ive
th is c
ove r
and
their
final
ver s
ion o
fhe
ext e
nd ed
e
ss y
to
th eir
su pe
rv isor
C
an d
ida t
es e
ssio
nnu
mb
er
Ca
ndid
ate
nam
e
I
-
Sc
hoo
l num
be
r
S
cho
ol N
am e
I
E
xam
inat
ion s
ess
ion
(M ay
or
Nov
emb
er)
I
l
Yea r
I
Dip
loma
Pro
gra
mme
su
bjec
t
in
w
hich
thi
s ex
tend
ed e
ssa
y is
regis
tere
d:
-= '-
'--
'-
.:..s
...: ;-
= --
'- -+
-- -
(Fo
r n
exte
nde
de s
say
in
th
ear
ea o
flan
gua
ges
, sta
te th
e la
ngu a
ge
and
whe
the r
it
is
gro
up 1
or g
rou
p 2.)
dec
la r
a tio
n
f
his
d ec
lara
tio n
is
not
si
gne
d b
y th e
ca nd
idat
e th
e ex
te nd
ed e
ss a
y wi
ll
not be
a ss
es se
d
I c
onfi
rm t
hat
this
wor
k is
my
own
wo
rk a
nd i
s the
fin
al v
ersio
n. I
hav
e a
ckn o
wle
dge d
ea
ch u
se
of th
e
wo
rd s
r
id
eas
of a
no th
er p
erso
n, w
het h
er w
ritte
n, o
ral o
rvis
ual.
Ia m
aw
are
tha t
the
wor
d lim
it fo
ral
l ex t
end
ed e
ssa y
s is
400
0w
ord s
an
d th
atex
ami
ners
are
no t
req
uired
to readbey ond this lim i
t.
Ca
ndid
ate '
s sig
natu
re:
D
ate:
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S u
pe
rvi
sor
s
..nr
T
he
su
pe rv
iso
r sh
ou
ld c
om
plet
e t
he
re po
rt
be lo
w
an d
the
n g
ive
t h
is c
ove
r, e
ncl
os in
g t
he
fina
l ve
rsio
n o
ft
he
ext
end
ed
ess
ay,
to
the
D i
plom
a
Pro
gra
mm
e c
oor
dina
tor
. Th
e
su p
er v
isor
m u
st
sign
th
is r
epo
rt; othe rwise theextend ed
essay
will n ot be
a
sse
ss e
da
nd m
ay
be
r et
urn
ed to
th
e s
cho
ol.
N
am
eo
fsu
per
vis
or
CAP
ITA
Ll
ette
rs )
f ap
prop
riat
e,
plea
se
c om
m
en t
on
the
c a
nd id
ate
s p
erf
orm
anc
e,
the
con
tex
t
i
n
wh
ich
the
ca
ndi
da te
u
nde
rtoo
k
t
he
res
ear
ch
fo r
the
e
xten
de
d es
say
, a
ny
d if
ficu
lties
e
nc o
unt
er e
d a
nd
o
wth
es
e w
ere
ov
erc
om
e. The
se
co
mm
en
ts c
an
he
lp t
he
exa
min
er
aw
ard
a l
ev e
l fo
r c
riter
ion
H Do
no
t c
om
men
t on
a
ny
adv
ers
e p
ers
ona
l
circ
um
stan
ce
s th
at m
ay
ha
ve a
ffe
cted
the
ca
ndi
date
.
I
ha v
e re
ad
the
f in a
l v
er si
on o
f th
e e
xt e
nd e
d e
ss a
y th
at w
ill b
e s
ubm
it t
ed t
o th
e e
xa m
in e
r.
T
o th
e b
e..s
rof my
Kn o
wle
dg e
, th
e e
xt en
de
d es
sa y
is
the
au t
he n
ti c
wor
k o
f the
c a
nd i
da t
e.
I sp
e t
h
ou r
s w
ith t
he
ca n
di da
te
di sc
us s
in g
th e
p r
og re
ss
oft
he
ex te
nd
ed e
ss a
y.
S
up e
rv is
or
s
D
ate
:
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co
T
TS
Abst ract
Page 1
1
I
n t roduction
Page 2
2
H
ypothesis
Page 4
3 Methodo
logy o D ata Collec
tion
Page 5
4
Ra wData
o
Co
llection
Pa ge 9
5
Raw Data Proce
ss ing
Pa ge 15
6 Eva
luat ion
Pa
ge 18
7 Conc
lusion
Pa g
e 19
Bibliogra
phy
Page
21
Appendix
Page 22
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Chemist
ry Extended
E
ssay
bst
ract
The experi
m en t was aimed a t th
e investigation
of
pr o
perties of the combus
tionof
primary alcohols when mixed
wit h
Hexane to em ulate gasoline. 4 differen t primary alcohols
and
4
different alco
hol concentrations we
re considered which
could show a correlat
ion as to how
conce
ntration of alcohol
as well as carbon chains
affects the enthalpy of
co mbustion. Thus th
e
research question
ofthis exper iment w
as the following:
t
w
hat concentrat ion of
alcohol in a hexane-a
lcohol m
ixture
wi
ll
p
roduce the
most
amount
of
energy and
thereforecould be a viabl
e a l ternative against
co mmercial diesel in the
fuel market?
In order to inves
tigate this,
it
was nec
essary to
collect expe
rimental data: enthalp
y
o
f
combustion thr
oughcalor imetry.
To collect this, differen t
variables were taken,
including: Mass of
Wate
r b eing burned
in
Ca l
orimeter, Temperatur
e
Change
and the mol
es
of
Alcohol.
Enthalpy
ombustion
m o X
X f T
o
M uel
In addit ion ex
pe rimental data
in
th
e fo rm of Alcohol type
and A lcohol conc en
tration
were also taken
to beanalyzed for th e
e va luation of which A
lcohol-Hexane compo
sition would exert
the mos
t energy per unit
mass.
The results showed
that fo
r
most
of
the alcohols,
as
the concentrationtends towards
SO
from
40
the en
thalpy of combustion
reaches a peak. It
is enough to assume tha
t in complete combus
tion
may have been
less fr equent a t these co
ncentrations.
Also, the re
sults revealed that th
e am ount of carbon a
toms within the alcoh
ol molecule may
be
related to its entha
lpy of combustion. A
lthough Butan-1-ol's
average concentration
s were lower
th a
n propan-1-ol, there w
as still an increasing
trend of average enth
alpyof combustions f
ro m
methanol to pr o
pan-1-ol. It
can be
as
sumed that because
of th eprominent sourc
es of error wi th in
the experimental proc
ess , this may have af
fected the values of b
utan-1-ol. However, e
xp erimental it
can also
be assumed that bu t
an-1-ol mixtures do e
xhib it a larger incomp
letecombustion frequ
en cy
than o ther alcohols.
ord Cou
nt : 299 Word s
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Che mi
stry Exten
ded ss
ay
po
ssible. Als
o the bas
is behind
the ch oice
of he xan
e as a g as
oline-m ix t
ure stand -
in is
th
t
firs t ly
gasoline is
highly c
arcinogen
ic and
t
h
burning o
f such in s
chool pre
mises w ou
ld be a
fire ha
zard. Thu
s as hyd r
ocarbo ns
are const i
tuents in the
pro duc
t ion of ga
soline for
cars
and
it
is
not
as
much
of
afire hazard
to
co mbust; it see med like afeasible choice.
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Ch
emistry E x
tended s
say
2 Hyp
othesis
The main
factor that
affects the
Enthal p
y
of
Com bustion
of
the Alcoh ols
is
the a mo u nt
of
Carbon-C a
rbon Cha
ins
th
e Alc
ohol has.
I predict that th
em
ore carbo n
atom s in
th
e alco h
ol,
t
he larger i
ts enthal p
y and therefor
e I p r
edict
th
at
a Butan- 1
-o l mixtu r
e wou ld h
ave
t
he
la
rgest en th
alpy valu
e as co m p
ared
to
oth
er alc oh
ols.
S
ince alco h
ols gener
ally exh ib i
t largeren
thalpy of
combustio
n, I th ink that
a m ix
ture with
a
h
igh conce
ntration of
alcohol w
ill have a
high e n th
alpy ofco
mbust ion .
One s ou r
ce of
hi
ndrance for
energy
outputf
or a fuel
is
i
ncomplete
comb us t
ion. The i
ncomplete
co
mbust ion
of
an Alc o
hol wil l re
sult in Ca
rbon M on
oxide and
aterVa
por to fo r
m . On the
ot
her ha nd an
incom p
lete com b
ust ion of
Hexanew
il l result in
Carbo n D
ioxide, Ca
rbon
M
onoxide, a
ter and
Carbo n
to fo rm.M
oreover, the
presen
ce of Carb
on in the form
of
soo
t may hin er
theca
lor imete r
heat in g p
rocess as it
may in s
ulate the c
opper. Pe
rhaps if
an
ev
en concen
tration of
both Alc o
hol and E
thanol w e
re to bem
ixed, th is
could res
ult
in
a
hi g
her entha l
py of com
bustion b
ecause either
th e re
wil l be les
s incom pl
ete com b
ustion of
either
Alcoho
l
o
r He xan
e or pe rh
aps Carbo
n f rom the
Alkane s
incom p le
te reactio
n and
Ca r
bon M ono
x ide from th
e Alc o
hol s inco m
plete co m
bustio n
will react tog
ether
to
for
m
Carb
on Dioxid
e, thusa v
oiding m u
ch inte rf e
rence from
soot.
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Chem
istry Extended
ssay
3 M e
thodology for
DataCollection
S
ince
the
re are two d
ependent variables
being explored and
evaluated inthis in
vestigation,
inorder
to
co llect relevant data there needs
to
be 16
different
calor imetry experiments
4
run
with 3
repeats eachto ac c
ount for un cer ta inty
in
t
he results. More
over, since each m
ixture
will be
used only to burn a
small
a
mount of water
100.00cm
3
0.1
0c m
3
it seems eff ic
ient to
only use
a small a
moutit
of
m
ock gasohol solutio
n: 20.00 mi.
Due to it being
only a 20ml mixtur
e ,
th
e entha lpy of c
ombust ion w ill be
m
iniscule in change
asconce
ntration changes. Th
erefore t
he
graphin
g of results w il l hav
e very miniscule sca
les
to
be able to fi n
d a t rend. In addit io
n, because there are
only 4 concentratio
ns being tes ted
per alcohol, it w
ill be diff icult to dist
inguish whether th e
re
is
a linear, expon
ential or
logar i thmic corre lat ion to
the
concentration graph. Therefore,
it
will be assumed via excel
that each relatio
nship wil l be linear.
The gradients wi l l b
e comparedper alc
ohol and
evaluated on how
much the alcohol a
ffects and de termin
es
t
he solution. Bec
ause
of
the
differ
ent
specific
Gravities of Alcoho
l and Hexaneit is as
sumed that
they aren t complete ly
miscible and thus th
ey are shaken to m
ix them.
To measurethe E
nthalpy
of
Combusti
on
of
Gasoho l Solut
ion I used
the
stand
ard equationof
an
enthalpy of co m
bust ion of a fuel:
nthalpycom ustion
The value for
specif ic heat capa
city of waterwill be
taken as 4.18a
s
all
values will be
rounded
to
2
decimal points. The
mass
of the
water was measured usin
g a
mass
balance
that me
asures up to 2 decim
al points of grams.
This was done by putting
the ca lor ime
ter
on
the
ma
ss balan
ce and was synced
back to zero before
water
was added. Water
was added
and was as clo
se as possib le adde
d
till1
00 00cm
3
.
In
ord
er
fo
r
th
e exper imen t to be
as fair as po ssible, I
needed to make sur
e
that th
ere is not
much dif ferenc
e in the apparatus that
was usedfo
r
ea
ch trial and the re fo r
e I used t
he
same
calor ime ter
if
p
ossible but brush off
the carbon from the
calor imete r from the
combustion
before
e
ach tes
t and repeat. In add
it ion, before each tr
ial, I allowedthe ther
mometer to
cool
o
ff with a b
eaker
oftap
water .
I also did each repea
t
at
the same statio
n
w
ith the same
protect ivescreen
as
draught shields
in the same place
so
that
there is not m
uch difference
in the system wh
en I do each trial.
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3 1 A
pparatus List
C
opperCalo
r imeter
He xane
Etha
nol
M ethano
l
Propan-1
-ol
B
utan-1-ol
32
Variables
Co n
centration
of Alcoho
l and
He
xane in so
lution Fu
el make-u
p)
Mass W
ater
Height fro
m burner
to
Calorimeter
Sy st
em interfe
rence
Co n
ductivity o
fCalorim
eter
T
emperatu
re of W at
er
Mass of ue
l
Chemistry
Extended
ssa
y
Sp
irit Burner
s
{w
Sm m
thick wic
ks
Glo
ves
Prote
ctiveScre
en {Draug
hts Shield
s
Insulatio
n ards
Therm om
eter
St
anding Cl
amps
10
ml P ipette
Ma ss B
alance {2.
dp
Paint
Brush
Us
e the
sa
me
SpiritB
urner wit
h
same
fuel c
ompositio
n for each
repea tof
a
fu e
l composi
tion. Us
ea differen
t Spirit
Bu rn
er for each
fuel com
position.
S
ame appa
ratus use
d to trans
fer
same
substance
s
burner.
W
ater add
ed: 100.
Stable
object (b
ottle) used
as a
seat
f
or calorim
eter befor
e clampe
d on
w
indows a
nd
Use th e
same
Ca
lorimeterf
or each
tria
l.
fter
ea
ch trial, co
ol with w
a ter
in
prepar
ation fort
he
nex
t tr
ial. Any
soot
on the ca
lorimeter
is brushe
d
w
ith a
brush.
Use t
he
same
T
hermome
ter each tr
ial.
After
ea ch
trial, coo
led to bas
e level
w
ith separ
ate can of
water.
T
emperatu
re Before
is read a
fter
3
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C
he
mi
st ry
E
xte
nd
ed E
ssa
y
33
M
e t
ho
d
1
S
et u
p
P ro
te c
tiv
es
cre
en
s
a
s
d
raw
gh
t s
hie
lds
fr
om
m
ost
po
ss
ib le
so
ur
ces
of
in t
er f
er e
nc
e(
i.e.
w
in d
ow
s.
doo
rs
an
d b
ys
tan
de
rs )
2
Usingapi pe tt e, meas ur e tra nsfe r
an
am ount
of
al coh ol (de pe ndent
on
c
on c
en
tr a
ti o
n b
ein
g
me
as
ur e
d)
in t
o a
sp
ir it
bu
rn e
r.
3 W
it
h
a
dif
fer
en
t p i
pe
tt e
, m
ea
su r
e a
nd
t ra
ns
fe r
a
n a
mo
un
t
o
f
he
xa
ne
in
tothe
sp
ir it
b
ur
ne r
, c
or r
es
po n
di
ng
wi
th t
he
co
nc
en t
ra t
io n
of
al
co h
ol
p re
se
nt
inth
e
sp
ir i
t b u
rn
er .
4
P
lace
w
ic k
th
ro u
gh
S
pi r
it b
u rn
e r
an
d s
ea
l of
f.
5
S
hak
e b
ur
ne
r in
o
rde
r fo
rt
he
alc
oh
ol
and
h
ex a
ne
to
pr
op
er l
y m
ix
(th
ey
ha
ve
s
ep a
ra
te g
ra
vi ti
es )
.
6
M
e
as u
re
th
e
m
as
s of
th
ef
ue
l w
ith
th
e b
urn
er
m
ix tu
re
be
fo
re t
he
co
m b
us
tio
n a
nd
re
co
rd it
o
n
a ta
ble
.
7
Putcopper ca lo rim e te ron
mass
bala nc eand ze ro theun its on
the
mass ba
lan
ce
.
8
C
ar
ef u
ll y
ad
d w
at
er
int
o t
he
ba
lan
ce .
G
et as
c
los
e t
o 1
00
.0 0
cm
3
Re
co
rd
th is
ma
ss o
n
ta
b le
.
9
C
la
mp
th
e c
a lo
ri m
e t
e r
a fi
xe d
d
is ta
nc
e fro
m
the
wo
rk
su
rfa
ce
and
p
lac
e w
ic k
u
nde
ri
t
(
ma
ke
su
re
to
ha v
e
a h
ea
t pro
of
m
at
un
de
r th
eb
ur
ne
r fo
rs
afe
ty
pre
ca
uti
on
s)
10
. Pl
ace
i
ns
ul a
ti n
g c
ard
o
n
top
o
fc
op
pe
r c
a lo
ri m
e t
e r
and
th
ro u
gh
t
he
ho l
e,
pla
ceth
e
the
rm
om
et
er.
Ta
ke
st a
rt in
g
te m
pe
ra
tu r
e a
nd
re
co r
d i
t o
n ta
bl
e.
1
1. L
igh
t b
u r
ne
r w
ic k
.
1
2.
W
a it
un
ti ltem
p
era
tu
re
r
eac
he
s a
su
ff ic
ie n
t am
ou
nt
b
ut
av
oid
bo
il i
ng
po
in t
10
0
de grees Ce
lsiu
s.
B lo
wo
ut
w
ic k
an
d q
uic
kly
p
utth
e
sp
ir it
b
urn
er
onth
e
ma
ss
b
ala
nc e
.
Re
cor
d tem
p
era
tur
e
a
nd
Ma
ss
o
f
the
F
uel
af
te r
co
m b
us
ti o
n.
1
3.
Re
pe
atp
ro
ces
s3
ti
m e
s fo
r
eac
h c
on
ce
nt r
at io
no
f
eac
h a
lc
oh o
l.
3
4 Sa
fet
yP
rec
au
tio
ns
T
he r
e a
re
so
me
sa
fe t
y p
re c
au
ti o
ns th
at
m
u
st b
et
ak
en
wh
en
do
in g
th
is
ex p
er
im
en t
. F
irs t
ly ,
w
he
n h
an
dl in
g
he x
an
e, i
t
is ne
ce
ss a
ry
t
o
w e
ar
glo
ve
s b
eca
us
e i
t is
av
ola
ti l
e, f
la m
m
ab
le
s
ol v
ent
w
ith
lab
els
H
a
rm
ful
an
d
Da
ng
er o
us
.
In a
dd
it io
n, it
w
as
im
pe
ra
ti ve
th
at
I w
ea
r
go
gg
les
a t
all
ti
me
s
n
ea r
t
he
e
xp
eri
me
nt .
In
th
e e
ve n
t th
at
ch
em
ic
als
co
me
in
co
nta
ct
w ith
sk
in,
af
fe c
te d
ar
ea
m
ust
be
im
m
edi
a te
ly
wa
she
d
th o
ro
ugh
ly
wi
th
w a
te r
. If
ey
e c
on
ta c
t is
m
ad
e,
a r u
bb
er
tub
e
is a
tta
ch
ed
to
th
e
ta
p
and
w
at
er b
lo w
n
in t
ot
he
af
fe c
te d
ey
e.
Be
cau
se
th
is
ex p
er
im
ent
in
vo l
ve s
co
m
bus
ti o
n,
an
y b
urn
s m
u
stb
etre
ate
d
wit
h c
old
wa
te
r. S
ec
on
dly
,
t
he
ma
tch
es
m
us
t be
s
tr uc
k
aw
ay
fro
m
the
pe
rso
n
in or
de
r
to
av o
id
bu
rn i
ng
clo
th
in g
o
r
th
e
p
ers
on .
H
ow
ev e
r,
m a
tc h
es
m
ust
be
st
ru c
k a
wa
yf
ro m
f
la m
m
ab
le o
bj
ec t
s s
uch
as t
he
a
lco
ho
ls a
nd
he
xa
ne
. F
ina
lly ,
t on
gs
m
us
t be
u
sed
w
he n
h
an
dl in
gh
ot
ca
lo r
im
et e
rs .
-
8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
14/28
4 Ra
w Da
ta C
ollec
tion
Me
thanol
100 0
4
1
74 35
17 3 11
1 2
4
2 1
0 0
85 00
1
0004
1
73 09
171 86
1
23 22
0 0
86 00
10002
1
76 35
174
97
1
3 8 2
1 00
65 00
100 07
174 96
173
97
0 9 9
21 00
53 00
10
0 04
1
73 55
172 65
0 90 21
0 0
50 00
10
0 00
1
82 09
0 8
7 2
1 00
37 00
P
age
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8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
15/28
-
8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
16/28
Propan 1 ol
Mass
of
Water g)
:t0.02g
100.09
100.05
100.07
100.06
100.06
100.08
100.07
100.06
100.06
100
.02
100.06
100.06
Mass
of
Fuel
Before g)
:t0.01g
175.55
172.42
170.78
177.01
175.50
172.66
177.30
175.60
173.67
178.09
175.82
173.27
Mass
of
Fuel
Ajter g)
:t0.01g
174.08
170.80
168.85
175.51
174.
07
170.65
175.79
173.83
171.73
176.59
173.79
171.24
LlMass
of
Temperature
Fuel g) Before
(c)
:t0.02g :to.soc
1.47 21.00
1.62
20.00
1.93 20.00
1.50 21.00
1.43 21.00
2.01 21.00
1.51
21.00
1.77 21.00
1.94 21.00
1.50
24
.00
2.03 21.00
2.03
21.00
Page
Temperature
After (c)
:to.soc
85.00
80.00
82.00
90.00
85
.
00
95.
00
90.00
93.00
98.00
80.00
88.00
88.00
Ll
o
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8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
17/28
Butan
-1 -ol
177 13 175 4
6 1 67
100 07
175 75 174
22 1 53
100 08
175 35 173
89 1 46
100 06
173 86 17
2 42 1 44
100 04
172 49 171
05 1 44
100 06 181
05 179 60
1 45
100 06
179 46 17
7 96 1 5 0
100 04 17
7 94 176 42
1 52
100
05
18
2 32 180 95
1 37
100 05 1
80 90 179 4
4 1 46
100 07
179 34 1
77 74 1 60
Temperature
efo
re c
)
o soc
23 00
22 00
2 1 0 0
20 00
21 00
21 00
21 00
21 00
21 00
20 00
20 00
20 00
Temperature
fte r
c
)
o soc
1
00 00
85 00
80 00
80 00
85 00
80 00
81 00
83 00
85
0 0
80
0 0
80
00
85 00
1
o
Du r
ing the experiment ,
th ere were inconsis
te ncies in results that
r o ~ e which could
be ttributed to th
e un
the
s
t nd rd ca lo r ime t
er experiment. This
af fected the sp read of
results in repe ts
an d co _ sequently none
mi
xt ure were even conc
ord nt of each
other
t
o lOOKJ/mol.
The com
bustion of fuel
seemed incomplete f rom
the heavy soot , b l
ac ksmoke and
the
r
ed tinged f lamesof
the M ethanol-Hexane
mixture. One resul
t (C oncentration M e
th ano l 80 : Trial
3 was considered an
an oma
other results to more
than
lOOO
OKJ/mol. An observat ion of
th is exact trial revea
ls
th
at there
w s
a c
onsider
also the insula
tion card was se t
on
f ire by this flame thus
the additional
heatenergy from
the ca rd as a fuel
water not only
b eing affected b
y the burning fuel and
otherwise
colder sys
te m, there
now
al
so additional
Pa
ge12
-
8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
18/28
Chem
istry Exte
nded ssay
O
nce
th
eE
nthalpyof
Combus t
ion wasc a
lculated for
eachtr i
al it
can
b
e displaye
d on
th
e
grap
h.
Be
cause of t
he mount of
da ta i
n
t
he gra p
h, no ver t
ical error sweread ded in order
to
av oid
con
fusion cau
sed byo v
erlapped er
ror bars
.
The
graphs h
ows th t there
isa c
lear trend
on how c
oncentrat
ion
o
f al c
ohol affe c
ts the
ent
halpy of c
ombustion
in a moc
k gasohol
mixture. I
t seems
as
if
w he n there
mount o
f an
alc o
hol to ga s
oline tend
s toward s
even,t he
re seems
to
be ahi
gher en th
alpy of co
mbust ion
fo
r Et h
anol, Pro p
an-1-ol, B
utan-1-ol
and 40
concentr a
tion ofM e
thanol .
Inad
dit ion it s
eems
t
h t
higherca
rbon chain
s in alco h
ol haveal
so becom
e a fac tor
on the
ent h
alpy ofco
mbust ion of
the m o
ck gasoh o
l mixture .
Pa
ge13
-
8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
19/28
Che
mistryE x
tended
ssay
Up
on closer
examin a t
ion it seem
s as th ou
gh
th
t e t
hanol al t
hough w id
ely used i
n
the
w o
rld) show
s the sma
llest value
s
for
ent h
alpy ofco
mbust ion
be tween
Ethanol, P
ropan-1- o
l
and
Butan-1 -
ol. Althou
gh Butan -
1-ol has a
larger ca r
bon toca
rbon chain
, Propan -
1-ol
m ixtures seem
to
perf o rm muc hbetterand at a much more consistent rate.
On
th
e other
hand, the
methano
l mixtures
did
not
m
anage to
create a v
alue of sig
nificance
as there
is
a l
arge gap b
etween i
ts values a
nd there s
t . Thiscan
be
t
tributed
by the
lackof
ene
rgy wit hin
the mol e
cule of m
ethanol.
Pag
e 4
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8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
20/28
5 R a
w D a ta Proces
sing
ethanol
Average
Tota l
Enthalpy
o
Posit iv
e
ria l
Co
mbustion
Error
(KJ/mol
)
2 880 .94
57.48
3
2
867 .53 63
.74
3
4
04 .62 47.6
4
3
2
45
2.61 35.50
3
Et hanol
1204
.93
166.11
121
0 49 172.64
11
25 70
70 .87
880 .22
133 .59
hemist r
y Extended ssay
Tota l
Concentration
Negative
o
A l
cohol{ )
Error
-56.98
2
-60.5
7
4
-45 .37
60
-34.92
8
-165.05
2
-171 .27
4
-69 .77
6
0
-132.71
8
agel
ssay
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8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
21/28
Chem
istry Exte
nded
Propan
1 ol
1317.3
5
7
8.7 1
-77.60
2
1435.3
1
10
4.74
-103.47
4
1374.02 55 .00 -53.83 6
1307
.7 5 48 .75
-47.6
1
8
BU
tan 1 ol
1
27 2.54 238.05
-2
36 .81 2
1347 5
8 190.9
8 -1 8
9.66
4
12 39.92 126.6
8
-1 25.66
6
94 1.10 90.04
-
89 .22 8
E
rrors are c
alculated
through th
m etho
d in th A
ppendix
P
age 6
-
8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
22/28
Che
mistry
Extend
ed
Essay
The
error ba
rs in
thegra
ph are
consid
erably
la rge
but this
is
to eexpe
cted
asthe
expe
riment
al proc
ess inv
olved
ameth
od
thatit
is
v
ery in
ef ficien
t. Tho
ug h th
ere are
o verla
ps
in e
rror bar
s fo
r them aj
ori ty o
f data,
it is cle
ar that
meth
anol m
ix tures
do n
othave
h ighe
r
Enth
alpy of
Com b
ustion
th an a
ny oth
er alco
hols. T
his
can e
seenin
thegrap
h as th
e re is
no
over
la p i
n
e
rrors
fo
r
an y
m etha
no l m
ix tures
o ver a
ny o
ther alco
hol mi
xt ures
. The m
ain
ob
se rvati
ons
fromthis
graph
is
that altho
ug h th
ere is
a
p ersis
tent t r
end
within
co
ncentr
ations
b e twe
en alco
hols, t
here
is an in c
onsist
en cy
with this
obse
rv ation
a
s
m
ethano
l s mix
tu res d
id no
t hold u
p: m o
st nota
bly, m
et hano
l
60 .
Page
7
Che mistry Ex
tended ssay
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8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
23/28
6 Ev
aluation
There a
re two ma in sources
of
error within
the
exper iment. The fir
s t is heat loss or ga i
n
from
the surrounding system. Although Protective screens that w ere
uses
as
Draught
S
hields were in plac
e, this didnot stop
the open system tam
per ing with the co p
per
c
alor imete r and thus
,
as
well as heat ing
the coppe r calorime
ter,
the
fuel was in
fact heating
the systemas wel l as
heat
from
the fuel
t ransferred to th
e
c
alor imete r and then
to
the
s
ystem. However, si
nce the la boratory w
as large and not a
closed system, th
e
h
eat fromthe
fuel
from
each fue
l mixture experience
d heatingbo th th
e calor ime ter and the
system.
M oreover , be
cause thelaborator
y was a considerabl
y large size, and due
to
therm a l
equil ibriu m, fuel ad
ded heatamounts
to negligible change
to
the system over
t ime.
The second source
of
error
is
that because this
is
combust ion
of
hy drocarbon s and alcohol,
there w il l a lmost
always certainly be
incomplete combu
stion and this wi l l
tamper with the
amount of energ
y
that
thefuel puts
o
ut
as
the product i
on
of
so ot and carb
on monox ide
hindersthe energ
y output .
f this exper imen
t was to be repeate
d, in order to get m
ore accurate results
,
it
wou ldb e
more eff ic ient
to us an Adiabatic B
omb Calor imetry
test
as
it does not los
e heat asmuch
a
s anordinary
Copper Calorimeter
test. In addit ion if
his
test
was to be c
arried out once
more it sh
ould be at a lab withou
t mu ch system i
nter ference as co m
pared to a school
laboratory
as some heat loss and
gain mayhave com
e from the changing
temperatu
re of
the
classroom
as wel l asthe body
heat
of
pe ople wi
thin the cla ssroom wh
en th is was carried
out .
In te rms
of the
pr opagat ion
o
f errors , because of the
mount of n
dependent errors,
it
would b
e difficult to
us
pe
rcentage errors
as the repeats.
In
addit
ion, the us of perc
entage
uncer ta
inty assumes that the
value
of
the po s
it ive errorand nega
tive errorsare almo
st
equal
. However, the
re is still scopefor its usa
ge.
The mount of
repet i t ions
tha
t w ere done pr
esented alarge mount of
error
for
valu
es. f
perha
ps, a bigger mount of
repeti t ions were
made, this could p
erhaps highl ight an
y
anom
alies that were tak
en into account bec
ause
of
the spread of
data notably on
Ethanol
mixtu
res) and thus
error values may have be
en smaller. Due
to time m an agement,
it was
suita
ble to only do three
repeats for each m
ixtures because of h
ow manycombina
tions of
conc
entrat ionand type of
mixtures that are
possibleto tr ial.
-
8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
24/28
Chem
istry Extended
Essay
-
8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
25/28
m ost ly u
nder in value by the
enthalpy of combu
stion of Propan-1-o
l mixtures. The
comparative g
raph produced coul
d visually be improv
ed because the ov e
rlapping errors by
changingthe for
mat to placethe po
ints side by side.
Even th ough m
ethanol mixtures pr
oduced a sm aller en
thalpy
of
co m bustio
ns as compared
to
the other mix
tures, its gasohol is
stil l more widely pr
oduced in the wor ld
as
compared
to
butyl and propy
l alcohol-gasoline fu
els because, althoug
h
it
is more toxic
to burn, it is st ill a
lot cheaper to pr o
duce. Perhaps
if
n
the
futu
re it is possi
ble
to
get around
the problems of
the produc t ion o
f butyl and propyl alc
ohol and
the
wor ld '
s economy w ere to
invest
i
nto the
product ionof suc
h, it wou ld be possi
ble to f ind much mo
re effective and thu
s viable
alternatives
to
co
mmercial gasoline. A
s
for
the de mands
of fuel
fo r
the mode
rn wor ld 's
t ranspor tat ion, co
mmercial gasoline is
still the p
rominent choice
fo
r fu ell ing c
ars. It
is
the
hope of chemical en
gineers, wor l lead
ers and other stakeh
olders of
the
earth
that perhaps
a
n alternative such
as the mixtures that
this investigation a
t tempts to em ulate can
hinder
the
commercial gas
ol ine ma rketand th
us reduce the emiss
ions of greenhouse gases
ont
o
the
ozone layer.
f
the
opportunity to
repeat the exper im
ent arose using the
same methodology
of data
co
llection, I
woul
ma
ke the concentratio
ns being con templa
ted
t
o a smaller de
gree (for
example
adding5 o
r
even
2
each tria l)
within
th
e regionof 40
concentrat ion and
60
co ncentr
ation. The apparatu
s would alsoneed a
lteration in
or er
to
get more accurate
results. f the exper im ent had been conducted with real draught shields,
it
wou ld perhaps
prevent m
uch error from he
at loss. Furthermore
,
if
the exper iment
was conducted in a
sy stem with
minimal in terfere
nce, th is wo uld also
prevent much error
from heat loss
from
the
open system.
C
he m
is try
E xte
nd ed
E
ssay
-
8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
26/28
B
iblio
gra
phy
h
tt p :/ /
w w w
.a fdc
.e ne
rg y .g
ov /f u
e ls /
em er
g in g
b iob
u ta n
o l. ht
m l
Date Ac cessed: Febr ua ry
25th
20 13
h tt p :
// w w
w .a fd
c .e n
erg y
.g ov /
fu e is
/e m e
rg in
g m e
th an
ol .ht
m l
Da te
Acce
ssed
: Feb
ru ar
y 25
th 20 1
3
Da
te Ac
ces se
d: M
ar ch
i 2
01 3
ht
tp://w
ww.
docb
rown
.info
/pag
e07/d
elta
1Hc .
htmb
y Dr
Phi B
ro wn
200
0)
Date
acc
ess ed
: O c
to ber
30t
h
20 12
, Feb ruar y
25th
20 13
http
:Uw w
w.e
thano
l.org
/pdf
/con
ten tm
gmt
/200
7 Eth
an ol
Fac
t Bo
ok. pd
f
Dat
e Acc
esse
d: Fe
br ua
ry 25th
201
3
ht t
p://w
ww. f
uele
cono
my.g
ov/fe
g/hy
drog
en.sh
tml
Dat
e Acc
esse
d: N o
ve m
be r
18th
2
01 2
Life
-Cyc
le As
sess
me nt o
f Co
rn-B
ased
Buta
no las
aP
ot ent
ial Tr
an sp
or tat
io nF
uel b
y M .
W u,
M
. Wa
ng ,
J Liu,
and H
H
uo Ce
nt er
fo
rT
ra ns
po rta
ti on
Rese
arch,
En er
gy Sy
ste m
s Div
ision,
Arg on
ne N
at io n
al L
ab ora
to ry
D
ate
Pu bl i
sh ed
: N ov
em b
er 20
07
Da
te Ac
cesse
d: Ja
nu ar
y 18t
h 20 1
3, Fe
br ua
ry 25th
201
3
h
ttp://
www
.oilg
ae.co
m/r e
f/g o
s/ga
soho
l.htm
l
D
ate A
cce ss
ed: N
ove
m ber
18th
20 12
, Feb
ruar
y 25th
20 1
3
h tt
p :/ /w
w w .s
ig m a
a ld r
ic h .c
om /c
hem i
s tr y /
sol ve
n ts /h
exan
e-ce
nt er
/m isc
ib ili t
y
im
m isc
ib il ity
.h tm
l
D
ate A
cces
sed:
Marc
h ih
20 13
h
ttp:/
len.w
ikipe
dia .
org/w
iki/A
icoh
ol fue
l
D
ate A
cces
sed:
Ja nua
ry 23
rd 20
13
h t
tp :U e
n .w i
k ip ed
ia .o
rg /w i
k i /E t
hano
l fue
l in
Braz
il
D
ate
Acces
sed:
Ja nu
ar y23
rd2
01 3
Chemistry Extend
ed
Essay
-
8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
27/28
ppendix
:
Pro
pagation o Un
ce rtainties
Since
the er
ror in
measurem
ent
of
amount of a
lcohol and hexane put
in to the fue l burn
er
does
not
dire
ctly affect the
mass
of
fue l burned as the
value burned was
signif icantly smalle
r
est imated ataround one tenth
of
the fuel originally added)
it
shall
be
ig nored.
In
order
to
p
ropagate this I need
to
consider the w h
ole equation in term
s
of
constants and
measured
value:
I)
m H
o XC X
l lTH
o
llHc =
:::_
::: __
M lcoholx[ lcohol]C
6
H
4
x
6
H
4
]
Th e
re are no error value
s
for th
e specif ic he
at capacity
o
f w ter
as
it
was taken from an
exte
rnal source thus this
leaves
the
equat io
n at:
mHo
X l lTH o
Un
certainty
in = Uncertainty
in M
2
2
lcoholx [ lcohol]
6
H
4
x [
C
6
H 4]
There is still
a problem with the
denomina to r in
th t
the unit i
n the equ
ation
is
in
Moles but
the measur
ed
un
it
is
in Mass an
d also
th t
there ar
e
two
substances in
the mixture at
diff
erent co n
centrat ions thus us
ing
the mass to
m ol e
equation, I am goin
g
to
conver t the
mas
s uncer t
a inty
into
a mole un
certainty.
In
addit io
n,
in
order to get ar
ound
the
problem
of
having one m ole
of
two
dif ferent substances at d ifferent concentrations, each substance will
each have an
erro r value and the
summat ion
o
f both
taken
to
present a m
aximum and
min
imum error
value.
malcohol
.
)
mhexane . )
M
x
conc
en tratwn +
M
x
concentratw
n
ralcohol
rhex
ane
This
assumes
th
tthe r
at io
of
alcohol to he
xane
of
the fuel burnt is the
same as the
inte n
ded concentrat ion
ratio.
The equat ion contemplated
for the
errors
is
I )_
ffiH
o X llTHzO )
llHc -
malcoh
ol x
concent
ra tion)
+ mhexane
X
concentration
)
Mralcohol
Mr
hexane
Once all errors a
re found,
i
n order to
propagate errors a
maximum value an
d a m in imum
value should be fo
und, th is
can
be do
ne by formulat ing th
e e rror values in su
ch a way
th t
it
wil l
br ing about e i the r t
he largest value
for
Enthalpy
of
Combu
stion
or the
smalles
t value
for
Enthalpy
of
Combustion.
Chemistry Extended Essay
-
8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane
28/28
For the maximum value, the numerator of
the
errors must be added to the
numerator
values in order to increase the value of enthalpy. On the contrary, the denominator error
must be deduced from the denominator values in
order
to increase the value
of
enthalpy.
For the maximum value, the numerator of the errors must be deduced from the
numerator
values in order
to
decrease the value of enthalpy. On the contrary, the denominator
error
must be added to the denominator values in order to decrease the value
of
enthalpy. From
this
the
absolute Uncertainty
can
be deduced by deducting the minimum value
from the
calculated experimental value or by deducting the calculated experimental value from the
maximum value.
Each of these was found
for
each trial and then had a random
error
for
each
uncertainty
taken and added
to
that error
as
well
as
the
random
error from the
enthalpy
of
combustion.
For example
for
Methanol
20 , the
maximum enthalpy, minimum enthalpy and enthalpy
of
combustion was calculated. From this
the
absolute uncertainties were taken:
aximum
inimum
Enthalpy
of
Enthalpy
of
Enthalpy
of
Trial Combustion
Combustion Combustion
KJ/mol)
KJ/mol) KJ/mol)
Absolute Absolut
Uncertainty
Uncertainty
aximum
inimum
1
861 23 814 84 837 79
23 45 22 95
2
924 40 877 08 900 49
23 91
23 41
3
928 59
880 98
904 53
24 06
23 55
Averages and Random Errors were taken for Enthalpy
of
Combustion, Maximum Enthalpy
of
Combustion Uncerta inty and inimum Enthalpy
of
Combustion Uncertainty:
Average Absolute Absolute
Random Random
Random
error ax
error
in
Enthalpy
of
Uncertainty Uncertainty
error
Enthalpy of Enthalpy
of Enthalpy
of
Combustion max) min)
Combustion Combustion
Combustion
880 94 23 80 23 30 33 37 0 31
0 30
Thus errors for the positive were taken by adding Absolute Uncertainty {max)
with
Random
Error Enthalpy of Combustion and Random Error Max Enthalpy of combustion. Whereas
negative errors
were
taken by adding Absolute Uncerta inty {min)
with
Random Error
Enthalpy of Combustion and Random Error
in
Enthalpy of combustion.
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