presentation historical process
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Migrations
This is the movement of people from place to
place meaning the movement of society and
culture as well as their meeting and mixing withother societies and countries.
The Caribbean has experienced significantmigrations, each impacting social life. The mainfocus of this is immigration into the region.
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Earliest Caribbean migrations
The idea that Caribbean history is new is an
ethnocentric one where emphasis is given to
Columbus since his voyage in 1492
The more accurate representation dates fromover 10,000 years before the common era.
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Challenges to these ethnocentricassumptions
The fact that the earliest remains of habitation are found in both Trinidadand Cuba suggests thatmigrations into the Caribbean were not just fromsouth to north but also people who came into theregion from CentralAmerica and Florida
These earliest peoples of the Archaic and pre-Ceramic period spread outand lived in the Greater
and Lesser Antilles over 5000 years before othergroups migrated into the region
From about 2400 years BCE different cultural groups distinguished bydistinctive pottery styles andlifestyles began to migrate from S. America
into the Lesser Antilles. They didnt settle chronologically from north to
south but skipped some altogether. These people were acculturated intothe Saladoid, Barrancoidand Ostionoid cultures showing hybridizationhas been happening for millenia.
These people enjoyed remarkable access to mobility through for examplethe Carib Canoe. Tradewas also significant as they were in constantcommunication.
Also DNA evidence has proved that the Taino genes are present to linkthem with current Caribbeangene pools
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Challenges to these ethnocentricassumptions
Amerindians are not a uniform group as hybridization hasdeveloped differently invarious parts in the Caribbean as thesehybrid groups coexisted with Archaicpeople for example theCiboneys.
European labels for the Indigenous were proved to be wrong forexample as peopleof the Greater Antilles were called theArawaks (the language) rather than theirtrue name the Taino.
The Taino were acknowledged to have a peaceful nature by theSpanish and theCaribs a very belligerent and even Cannibalisticone which has confirmed to not becompletely accurate. TheTaino were initially peaceful but readily attempted todefendthemselves against extermination. Likewise the Caribs were byno meansCannibals this was only an assumption made bySpaniards like Las Casas. It can beassumed the true warmongers were spanish.
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Development of Systems of Production
This refers to the ways an economy is
organized to produce commodities to sustain
Society .
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Encomienda
Spanish monarchs decided that native population should be divided upamongst Spaniards, who had the right to extract from them some form oftribute
produce, gold or personal service. In return, the Spaniards wouldguarantee religious instruction in the Roman Catholic Faith.
In reality however the Amerindians were treated as slaves and many dieddue to hunger, overwork, harsh punishments and European disease.
Many committed suicide and infanticide as their precious metals, freedomand even food were taken to
increase Spains power and prestige in Europe
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slavery
This was introduced throughout the Americas
and was primarily concerned with a system of production bound up with the cultivation
of sugar and the economic organization of the
plantation.
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Slavery as a total institution
Slavery was a total
institution
meaning that it determines all aspects of the lives of African people, as well as thesocial and economic arrangements of the plantation and by extension the societyand formed the basis of
plantation society
Slavery shaped the lives of Africans primarily by the attempts it made todehumanize the African.
Africans were regarded as chattel or property owned by the Europeans who had paid for them.
This attempt at dehumanization was done by suppressing the social and culturalties which helped them to form an identity and sense of belonging
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Slavery as a total institution
For example:
Choosing Africans from different racial groups for the plantation to minimize communication andbonds of kinship between them based on fear of Africans being together.
Giving them European names and forbidding them from practicing their religions and customs soany semblance of family life as well as solidarity and identity was discouraged.
Meeting out harsh physical punishment including torture and death as to submit them to will of theEuropeans.
Playing out different groups of Africans against each other to prevent a common identity and topromote European values and ways of life.
Rigidly stratifying the society based on pigment, relegating blacks to the bottom and whites at thetop; dehumanizing as racial characteristics were the ones identifying them as property
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The Plantation System
A system of production Europeans used in their colonialempires where they brought different ethnic groups to liveand work on plantations far from their homelands.
Groups were encouraged to distrust each other and were
encouraged to look on the Europeans as superior.
when coupled with slavery as a total institution the
plantation became a sophisticated economic mechanismwhich dominated the culture and society of the Caribbeanintegrating it into European economy.
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The Plantation System
Relied on the Atlantic trade for its labour supply and provided the rawmaterials for the third leg of the triangular trade
sugar, rum, and molasses for the port cities of England, France and
Holland.
Provided the basis for the growing manufacturing and industrial strengthof Europe (plantations were formed through invested European capital)
Was so valuable that in 1651 Britain instituted the Navigation Laws
whereby only English ships could trade with English colonies
Preventing other nations from getting a share of trade arising from HerCaribbean plantations. France followed in 1664 with similar laws
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The Plantation System
European imported systems of production to theCaribbean that began to take the shape of Capitalistenterprises with an emphasis on amassing huge profits
repatriated to the metropolitan country. The basis ofsuch wealth depended on the enslavement of peoplewho for the profit motive were regarded as subhuman.
Values stressing exploitation of the people andenvironment and people for economic gain and anideology of European superiority became parts of thesystem of production
Pl i S i
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Plantation Society
Chief characteristics:
Monocropping
Export oriented
Foreign owned
Bureaucratically organized
reliance on metropolitan countries
Vertical integration
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
PLANTATION Gave rise to peasantry
It was both a social and an economic system
The advantages of the plantation system:
regular and efficient production,
planning for depreciation
uniformly high quality products,
scientific research and
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Indentureship
Indentureship has been described as a new slavery
although the Indian and Chinese immigrants weren't defined aschattel and could practice their own customs and religions.
They were paid extremely low wages and were always indebt to thecompany store where they were coerced to buy goods withsubstandard living and sanitation facilities.
They were not allowed to move around freely and if caught some
distance from the plantation they could be flogged, charged withvagrancy and jailed. If they attempted to runaway they were hunteddown charged with breach of contract and returned to work. Theywere charged with exorbitant fines & many died from malnutritionand suffered from malaria, yaws and dysentery.
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PLANTATION SYSTEM
From the plantation system we haveinherited a plantation society: - our societyis characterized by unstable family
organization; hierarchical class relations lowlevel of community involvement, mobilepopulations always on the move (migratingto find seasonal employment, organized to
fulfill plantation goals - profit, it's amonoculture society -dependence on onemain industry/economic activity.
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Indentureship
As a system of production, indentureship was very much related to Africanplantation society.
The socio-economic influences of the plantation pervaded the society thoughsome Africans moved away.
They now occupied the lowest social stratum and were also discouraged from
interacting with the Africans to continue disunity among labourers.
However, times had changed. Towards the end of the 19th
century Caribbean plantations were no longer as important to Europe had global
empires and the sugar was under competition from other larger sugar producerssuch as Brazil and Cuba. Eventually the nationalist Indian movement broughtpressure on the British to discontinue immigration due to dissatisfaction of thetreatment of Indians so the British ended Indian indentureship in 1917 (a similarsituation happened in China were it ended in 1885)
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Resistance
Caribbean people have always sought ways and means of resistingthe harsh conditions under which they existed.
They resisted in two ways
1) active resistance 2) passive resistance
Active resistance included; riots, rebellions , revolutions,development of peasant groups.
Passive resistance involved pretense (deaf, lack of understanding ofoppressors language, fake illnesses, malingering , satirize /mimicEuropean lifestyle, suicide, infanticide,)
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Amerindian Resistance
The threat of the Spanish to the to Tainos aroused in them a spirit ofwarfare. Although the Spanish had superior weapons of warfare they stillput up resistance.
The Tainos resisted oppression by running away and by committingindividual and group suicide and infanticide,
They refused to work and starved out the Spanish by burning their foodstores.
The effort of the Spaniards to Christianize the Amerindians was met withmuch resistance. The Spaniards sought to save the souls of the abusedIndians but were forced to unite even from the first year of invasion andpresent some form of military opposition to European Invasion.
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The African Resistance
African were kept in subjugation for nearly
three centuries. This was mainly done through
the threat of physical violence and brain washing.
African resistance was persistent, powerful and successful.
It was either active or passive.
Africans resisted passively through suicide , sabotage(damaging tools and property)
vendetta, malingering, apathy, escape
Marronage , revolt, rebellion and revolution
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THE AFRICAN RESISTANCE
Resistance occurred despite the efforts of the planters to break the spirit of the strong andintimidate the weak. Planters applied the
system of divide and rule as well as confusion where they mixed the slaves of different languages toavoid communication.
Maroonage was one of the most successful forms of slave resistance. It was a system which startedwith the freed blacks who fled the plantations to the mountains during Spanish colonization.
It was prominent in mountainous larger territories such as Jamaica(Blue Mountains & Cockpit
Country) and Cuba (Hammer head Mountains)
It proved successful because the Europeans found it difficult to deal with the guerilla warfare useby the Maroons to protect their freedom.
Maroons would also raid plantations and encourage other slaves to runaway
Slaves not only resisted slavery, sometimes their response to oppression took on organized formssuch as rebellions, which were more organized and larger. E.g., the Tacky Rebellion in 1760, and theSam Sharpe Rebellion in 1831
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Revolution and Rebellion
The largest and most successful slave revolution was the HaitianRevolution of the 1790s.
The Haitian revolution is argued to have , ignited the flame of liberation
for all slaves throughout the Caribbean and the New World.
The success of the Haitian revolution inspired other slaves to fight for theirfreedom.
It inspired other revolts of the 1830s e.g. Barbados1816, British Guiana
1823, Jamaica 1831.
These slave revolts contributed to the abolition movement in England andfinally the abolition of slavery in 1838
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Peasantry
After Emancipation many ex-slaves left their plantation to escape forced andunpaid labour. Once they were freed, many moved away for the plantations intodeep rural areas.
Ex-slaves developed new forms of labour. The skilled slaves moved into towns.
The acquisition of land was a means of independence for the slaves. Many soughtto buy land which was blocked by the planters and the government .
The planters used different tactics to block the peasants form owing land. Theywould charge high rents for land and evict them. They also refused to sell them
land and block their means of acquiring credit to do so.
However the peasants found means of acquiring land. They pooled their resourcestogether and bought land , the received help from the missionaries and manyresorted to squatting
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Effects of Peasantry
The peasants helped to diversify the economy in the post-emancipationperiod and the decline of sugar.
The peasants turned to developing cash crops for export . They grew crops
such as Cocoa, bananas, coffee, ginger cotton, arrowroot and coconuts ontheir small holdings . They also grew food crops and reared animals
This new found independence made the peasants self-sufficient andresilient in the face of economic hardships.
The peasants received little support form the colonial government.
The peasantry could have been more successful had they received morehelp form the government.
Effects of Peasantry
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Effects of Peasantry
The planters were determined to do everythingkeep the slaves dependent on the plantations.
Ex-slaves found refuge in the free villages whichwere set up by the missionaries.
The free villages helped the development of thepeasantry. This peasantry transformed the
Caribbean from a predominantly mono-croppingof sugar cane to small farming of mixed cropswhich created economic independence for theEx-slaves.
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Significance of Resistance
This desire of the slaves to be independent from the hegemony of the Plantocracydeveloped a spirit of cooperation and caring among rural communities. This closebond has evolved as part of the rural culture of the Caribbean.
The experience of slavery has been profound in shaping the modern Caribbean. It
has changed the systems of land tenure, agricultural practices and population:size, race, ethnicity and structure
This desire of the slaves to be independent from the hegemony of the Plantocracydeveloped a spirit of cooperation and caring among rural communities. This closebond has evolved as part of the rural culture of the Caribbean.
The experience of slavery has been profound in shaping the modern Caribbean. Ithas changed the systems of land tenure, agricultural practices and population:size, race, ethnicity and structure
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Significance of Resistance
The descendants of slaves continue to experience erasureof their traditional culture, language dress and religion etc.They have remained largely poor.
The history of the Caribbean is filled with struggle against
colonialism, oppression and social injustice. E.g. in thepolitics of Jamaica, Haiti , Trinidad and Guyana may have itsroots in the experience of slavery and a the practice
of planters to prevent unity and prevent another HaitianRevolution. It also manifested again with the practice ofcreating disunity amongst the blacks and Indians.
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