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i
Volume 6, No. 01 ISSN 2249-7927
Jan-June 2016
PREEMINENCE An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal
UNITED SOCIETY FOR REHABILITATION AND INCLUSION
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ii
PREEMINENCE
Patron
Prof Yogesh Chandra Dubey
Vice-Chancellor
J R H University, Chitrakoot (UP)
Advisory Board
Prof. K.B. Pandeya
Dr. J.P. Singh
Prof. S.R. Mittal
Dr. Bharat Mishra
Editor
Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma
Assistant Editors
Dr. Akhil Agnihotri
Sh. Amit Agnihotri
Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dwiwedi
Sh. Nihar Ranjan Mishra
Dr. Rajnish Kumar Singh
Sh. Atul Srivastava
Dr. Punam Pandey
Dr. Neeraj Kumar Shukla
Dr. Reetu Sharma
Sh. Chandra Shekhar Yadav
Legal Advisor
Smt. Subhas Rathi
Dr. Veena Singh
Technical Advisor
Sh. S.K. Agnihotri
Sh. Amar Singh
Dr. Arya Agnihotri
Mr. Yogendra Tripathi
Mr. Sudhir Kumar
Mr. Akhil Raikwar
Mr. Chandra Prakash Yadav
The views expressed in the articles/research papers are
the individual’s opinion of the concerned author only.
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Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Ranbir Singh
Ex. Vice Chancellor, National Law University,
Delhi
Prof. K.B. Pandeya
Ex. Vice Chancellor
M.G.C. Gramodaya, University, Chitrakoot
Dr. Yogesh Upadhyay
Professor, Dept. of Management
Jiwaji University, Gwalior
Prof. V.D. Mishra
Retd. Professor, University of Allahabad
Dr. J.P. Singh
Consultant, AMITY University, Noida Prof. S.R. Mittal
Adjunct Professor, NIEPVD, Dehradoon
Prof. T.B. Singh
Adjunct Professor,
Central University of South Bihar
Prof. B. Pandey
Ex. Vice Chancellor,
J.R.H. University, Chitrakoot, U.P.
Dr. S.B. Mishra
Ex. Head Deptt. of Mathematics, M.L.K. (P.G.)
College, Balrampur
Dr. Ranganath Mishra
Deptt. of Oncology
National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street
Goodman K721, Denver CO 80206
Dr. Dharmendra Kumar
Ex. Director, PDUIPH, New Delhi
Dr. J.P. Pandey
Deptt. of Physics, M.L.K. P.G. College
Balrampur, U.P.
Dr. Himanshu Pandey
Deptt. of Statistics,
D. D. U. University, Gorakhpur, U.P.
Prof. I.C. Shukla
Ex- Head, Deptt. of Chemistry,
University of Allahabad, Allahabad.
Prof. J. Prasad
Ex Head & Dean, S.H.I.A.T.S., Allahabad.
Prof. Kapil Deo Mishra
Vice Chancellor
Rani Durgawati Vishwavidyalay, Jabalpur, MP
Prof. S.P. Gupta
Ex. Director, School of Education,
U.P.R.T. Open University, Allahabad
Prof. Yogesh Chandra Dubey
Vice-Chancellor,
J.R.H. University, Chitrakoot, U.P.
Prof. K.K. Mishra
Deptt. of Pol. Science, BHU, Varanasi
Dr. S.N. Tripathi
Ex. Dean, Dr. R.M.L. Awadh University,
Faizabad
Dr. Bharat Mishra
Associate Professor
M.G.C. Gramodaya, University, Chitrakoot
Prof. Arvind Joshi
Deptt. of Social Work,
BHU, Varanasi
Prof. Avanish C. Mishra
Head, Dept, of History,
Dr. Shanuntla Mishra National Rehabilitation
University, Lucknow
Prof. Kaushal Kishor
Dept. of Education
Central University of South Bihar, Gaya
Dr. Amit Tripathi
Vice President
Sunward Resources Ltd., Casa 101, Calle 6A,
No. 22-75, El Poblado, Medellin, Colambia
Dr. Prgya Mishra
Head, Deptt. of Sanskrit
M.G.C. Gramodaya, University, Chitrakoot
Dr. M.P. Shah
Reetd. Scientist F, Wadia Instt. of Himalayan
Geology, Dehradun
Prof. S.S. Chaubey
Ex. Prof. & Head
Deptt. of Geography
Arrah University, Arrah, Bihar
Prof. J.P. Lal
Deptt. of Plant Breeding
B.H.U., Varanasi
Dr. K.N. Uttam
Deptt. of Physics,
University of Allahabad
Dr. D B Tyagi
Principal, Sri Megh Singh PG College, Abidgarh
Agra (UP)
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Editorial
I, herewith, present another issue of Preeminence - An International Peer Reviewed
Research Journal with great pleasure. Editorial Team members have great sense of
gratitude toward the authors/contributors who provided the content of this issue of the
journal in the form of different research papers and articles. The Editorial Team
recognizes the efforts made by peer reviewers who commented on the suitability of
manuscripts for publication. Readers of this Journal and the academic community will
surely get benefitted with the content of the Journal.
We, the Editorial Team, welcome the opportunity to expand our reviewer community and
invite colleagues with an interest in reviewing to send their details to
editor.usri@gmail.com with the details including Name, Email Address,
Organization,Country, Subject specialization/areas of expertise and experience in the
area.
I hope that with the combined efforts, Preeminence will continue the journey for
achieving greater heights.
All the best,
Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma
Editor
mailto:editor.usri@gmail.com
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‘PREEMINENCE’ the International peer reviewed Research Journal
United Society for Rehabilitation and Inclusion
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Phone: 9919061827, 9412409625, 9450167507
E-mail: usri.up@gmail.com, editor.usri@gmail.com
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vi
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Please send the above order form, duly filled, along with Demand Draft and a copy of
advertisement (hard and soft) to the following address:
The Editor
‘PREEMINENCE’ An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal
United Society for Rehabilitation and Inclusion
Sonalika House, Ranipur Bhatt,
Chitrakoot 210204 India
Phone: 9919061827, 9412409625, 9450167507
E-mail: usri.up@gmail.com, editor.usri@gmail.com
Website: http://www.usri.in
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vii
CONTENTS
Editorial / iv
Ykksd lkfgR; ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr /1
MkW-vkyksd dqekj flag
Reflectance properties of 1-D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic Crystal / 7 Dr. J. P. Pandey
Emerging Challenges Before Indian Agriculture /17 Dr.Bindrawan Lal
tkWu jkWYl ds U;k; fl)kUr dh lkFkZdrk yksd dY;kdkjh jkT; ds ifjis{; esa ,d
v/;;u/28
MkW- iadt frokjh REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS FIELD /33
Mr. Girish V Gupta and Mr. Mohit Gupta
Lekos'kh f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk /37 nqxsZ'k dqekj feJ /keZ] v/;kRe ,oa fodkl /41 MkW- vEcjh'k jk; Impact of Higher Education on Women Empowerment /45 Rupali Sharma i;kZoj.k eS=h /51 MkW- izKk feJk
f'k{kk dk futhdj.k& lek/kku ;k leL;k /56 MkW- jsuw xqIrk
egcqfy;k /62 MkW- jkts'k dqekj iky
BASEL- III : A Roadmap to the Future Indian Banking System /67 Dr. Mahendra Kumar Sultaniya Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl vkSj efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd tkx#drk /75 MkW- fiz;adk flag
Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa ßmnkjoknÞ dh Hkwfedk /78 izsepUnz lkgw
vkpk;Z fouksck Hkkos ds thou esa HkfDr;ksx dh lk/kuk ,d foospu /84 lanhi Bkdjs
ledkyhu dyk xq: Hkos’k pUnz lkU;ky /90 MkW- mek'kadj izlkn
oS'ohdj.k ;qx esa v?;kid f'k{kk ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa xq.kkRed lq/kj /94 MkW- jhuk ik.Ms;
jkek;.k dk lekt n'kZu/100 MkW- izfeyk feJk
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viii
Hkkjrh; yksdra= dk vk/kkj gS pquko lq/kkj /104 MkW- lqcks/k dqekj
Reading Technological Devices For Students With Visual Impairment In Inclusive Schools Of North-Eastzone Of Delhi /113
Mr. Brijesh Kumar Rai
Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things: A Study in Cultural Ethics/121 Dr. Siddhartha Sharma
oSfnd dky esa fyaxksikluk/125
M‚0 v”ksd dqekj
/kEkZ ,oa Ik;ZVu ¼Jh jkoriqjk ljdkj ds fo’ks”k lUnHkZ esa½/129
MkW0 gfjvkse ckny
Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr f'k{kk dh orZeku lUnHkZ esa mikns;rk/136
ftrsUnz ukFk feJ
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 1
Ykksd lkfgR; ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr
MkW-vkyksd dqekj flag1]
Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; esa /keZ esa vkSj n”kZu esa cgqr leUo; gSA n”kZu ds
okLrfod Lo:Ik ds fo’k; esa pkgsa vkt Hkh /keZ dh HkkWfr fofHkUUk er gksa ftuesa
vkidh vkSj gekjh /kkj.kk,sa HkzkUr gks ldrh gSa fdUrq ijkuqHkwfr dks LokuqHkwfr esa
cny nsus ds fy, ,d Hkkafr dk Øfed Hkkxksa dks gh ysdj xzUFkksa dh jpuk
n”kZu”kkL= esa gqbZ gSA oSls n”kZu ds nks iz/kku Hksn gS& vkfLrd vkSj ukfLrdA
ukfLrd n”kZu dks ysdj ^Pkk:&Pkkdq* PkkokZd er ds iz.ksrk vkpk;Z o`gLifr us
tSu n”kZu esa izfl) dqUndqUnkpk;Z vkSj lkeUrHknz] fl)lsu] fnokdj vkSj
gfjHknz lwfj rFkk gsepUnkfn us okS)&n”kZu esa egkiku /keZ ds xzUFk tks laLd`r
esa fy[ks x;s gS&oSHkkf’kd] lkrkfU=d ;ksxkpkj vkSj ek/;fed& bu pkjksa fofHkUUk
erksa us tgkW Ik;kZIr :I esa yksd lkfgR; ds egRo esa ;ksx fn;k gSA ;gkW
vkfLFkd n”kZu ds vUrxZr U;k;&n”kZd] oS”ksf’kd&n”kZu] lka[;&n”kZu]
;ksx&n”kZu] ehekalk&n”kZu vkSj csnkUr&n”kZu dks Hkh ysdj vkt ,d vusd
iqLrdsa laLd`r esa yksd lkfgR; dk ifjo)Zu djus esa ;ksx nsxj mldh egRRkk
esa viwoZ ;ksxnku dj jgh gSA
bl yksd lkfgR; dh izkphurk] O;kidrk] ekSfydrk] ljlrk] mikns;rk
laLFkk esa o`f) gksuk] izHkkoksRiknudRkk] o Sfo/; fo’k; okyh iqLrdksa dk gksuk]
mlesa jpuk&lkS’Bo] lH;rk ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr dh /kkjk Hkh ftlesa
vfofPNUUk :i ls fujUrj izokfgr gksrh jgs] bl HkkWfr dh vksj Hkh vusd ckrksa
dk lekos”k gksuk vkfn ckrsa bl jktuhfr lkfgR; dh egRRkk esa pkj pkWn yxk
jgh gSA jktuhftd laLd`fr m)kjd gksrh gS rks nwljh jktuhfrd laLd`fr
fouk”kdkfj.kh fl) gksrh gS] tks oLrq dk dk;Z djrh gSA yksd lkfgR; rks ik=
1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] Mh0,u0¼ih0th0½ dkyst] Qrsgx< +
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 2
gSA ftlesa ;g j[kh tkdj xzg&xzg] xzke&xzke] uxj&uxj] ns”k&ns”k rFkk
jk’Vª& jk’Vª esa igWqpkbZ tkrh gSA bldks LFkkuksa ds O;fDr;ksa ds iz”kalk ds ik= gksa
,oa gekjk Hkh thou oSlk gksus esa fo”o dh n`f’V esa vuqdj.kh; cu tk,A geus
blh y{; dh iwfrZ ds fy, izFke jktuhfrd laLd`fr lEHkkyk gS] ftlesa lc
dqN izFke Hkkx esa gh j[ fn;k gSA mlh jktuhfrd laLd`fr ds ik= yksd
lkfgR; dks ;gkW fy;k x;k gSA ftudh ewy&eukso`fRRk rks jktuhfrd Hkk’kk ds
xzUFkksa esa Hkjh iwjh gSA ewy&LRkj dSlk gS bldk fu.kkZ;d rks gekjk yksd lkfgR;
gh gSA bl yksd lkfgR; dks gh ysdj bl ckr dh ;gkW iqf’V dh tk;sxh fdUrq
bl iqf’V ds iwoZ ;g Hkh rks izekf.kr djuk gksxk fd bl yksd lkfgR; dk bl
HkkWfr vR;kf/kd egRo dSls c
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 3
vuqHkwfRRk;ksa dk lkdkj :i gSA Hkkjrh; vkpk;ksZa }kjk lkfgR; ds ewy iz;kstu
prqoZxZ dh izkfIr] ;”k] vFkZ] O;ogkj] Kku] vkuUn vFkok jl rRo] mins”k]
f”kosrj{k; rFkk dykoSpj.; ,oa nq[kh vkSj Jfer o “kksd larIr dks “kkfUr
iznku djuk vkfn crk, x;s gSaSA buesa izR;sd iz;kstu lekt&lkis{k gSA
,d vaxzsth fo}ku us Bhd gh dgk gS fd& Literature is the brain of humanity, vFkkZr~ ^^lkfgR; ekuo lekt dk dkekZfLr’d gS** vrhr ds jhfrfjokt
jgu&lgu] lH;rk&lLd`r vkfn dk Kku gesa lkfgR; }kjk gh izkIr gksrk gSA
Hkkjr ds xkSjo”kkyh vrhr dk mn~?kkVu gekjs izkphu lkfgR; us gh fd;k]
vU;Fkk gekjs fons”kh “kkld rks ge Hkkjrh;ksa dks cuekuq’k gh rku cSBs FksA
lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls gh ge vius iwoZtksa ,oa vaxzstksa ds vkn”kksZa ds vuqlj.k dh
izsj.k izkIr djrs gSA
LoxZ vkSj i`Foh ;fn nks gS rks mUgsa feykdj ,ddjus dk dk;Z lkfgR;
gh djrk gSA ckcw xqykc jk; us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd] fo”okfe= dh HkkWfr
lkfgR;dkj vius ;teku dks lansg igqWpkus dk nkok ugha djrk]oju~ vius
;ksxcy ls bl i`Foh ij gh LoxZ dh izfr’Bk dj nsrk gSA ^fdlh Js’B oLrq dks
LoxZ dh gSA* dgdj izfr’Bk nsuk bl yksd dk vieku gSA lkfgR; bloh yksd
dh] fdUrq vlk/kkj.k oLrq gS vkSj mlds ewy rUrq thou ls gh jl xzg.k djrs
gSA
lkfgR; ds vUrxZr lekt dh fofHkUUk fLFkfr;ksa&ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj mlds
vkpkj&fopkjksa ,oa O;ogkjksa dk fp=.k jgrk gSA lkFk gh lkfgR; lekt laLdkj
dh izsj.kk iznku djrk gSA ge pkgsa rks dg ldrs gS fd lkfgR; jpuk dk y{;
lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks vkn”kZoknh iz.kkyh }kjk izLrqr djuk gSA
lkfgR;dkj lekt ds ØksM esa gh iyrk gS vkSj vius fodkl jl dks ogha ls
xzg.k djrk gSA lekt dh ifjfLFkfr;ka lkfgR;dkj dks izHkkfor djrh gS vkSj
og lekt ls gh lkfgR; ltZuk dh izsj.kk xzg.k djrk gSA lkfgR;dkj pkgdj
Hkh lekt ds izHkko ls ugha cp ldrk gSA lekt dk izHkko lkfgR;dkj vkSj
mlds lkfgR; ij vfuok;Z :i ls iM+rk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa MkW0 lEiw.kZuUn dk
dFku egRoiw.kZ gS& ^^ys[kd ds Åij ifjfLFkfr;kW fujUrj viuk izHkko Mkyrh
gSA ys[kd muls cpus dk iz;Ru djs rks Hkh ugh ldrk gS vkSj u og ;g gh
dg ldrk gS fd eSa viuh ?kM+h ds vuqlkj brus cts ls ysdj brus cts rd
viuh pkjksa vksj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izHkko xzg.k d:Wxkk vkSj blds okn ys[kd
pkgs ;k u pkgs ifjfLFkfr;kW ml ij izHkko Mkysaxh ghA thou esa tks fØ;k,a gks
jgh lkfgR;dkj ij mudh izfrfØ;k gksuk LokHkkfod vkSj vfuok;Z gSA
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 4
Hkkjr ,d fo”kky nsk gSA ;gkW dh Hkw&vkd`fr] tyok;q] ouLifr vkfn esa rks
fofHkUUkrk gS gh] lkFk gh ;gka ds yksxksa ds jgu&lgu][kku&iku] os”kHkw’kk]
jhfr&fjokt] /keZ] Hkk’kk vkfn esa Hkh fofHkUUkrk gSA fdarq bu lHkh fHkUUkrkvksa ds
gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dh laLd`fr esa ,d ekSfyd ,drk fo|eku gSA
leLr fofHkUUkrkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr esa ,d ,slk v[kaM ekSfyd
,drk gS] ftldk Kku Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dk xgu v/;;u djus ls izkIr gksrk
gSA
iafMr usg: ds “kCnksa esa] ^^tc ls lH;rk dj lw;ksZn; gqvk gS rHkh ls
Hkkjr ds efLr’d ij ,drk dh Hkkouk us vf/kdkj dj fy;k gSA ;g ekSfyd
,drk fdlh izdkj ls ckgj ls Fkksih xbZ ugh gS] cfYd ;g ,d vkrafjd ,drk
gS vkSj Hkkjr dh vkRek eesa lekbZ gqbZ gSA**
HkkSxkfyd n`f’V ls Hkkjr lqn`
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 5
Hkk’kk dks dEI;wVj foKkuh daI;wVj ds fy;s lkoZf/kd ljy Hkk’kk ekurs gSA blls
Hkkjr dh laLd`fr dh Hkk’kk;h ,drk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA
;gka ds fuokfl;ksa esa Hkh izkphudky ls gh xgjh ekSfyd ,drk fo|eku jgh gSA
izkphudky ls gh ;gka vk;Z] nzfoM+] ;wukuh] “kd] dq’kk.k] rqdZ] eaxksy vkfn
vusd tkfr;ka vkbZ ijUrq vkt os fgUnw lekt esa ,d&nwljs ls bruh ?kqy ?kqy
fey xbZ gS fd mudk i`Fkd vfLrRo lekLr gks x;k gSA
fons'kh tkfr;ksa esa dsoy bZlkbZ ,oa eqlyeku gh viuk i`Fkd vfLrRo
cuk, gq, gSa fdUrq os Hkh izkphu fgUnwvksa dh gh larku gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
fgUnwvksa] eqlyekuksa rFkk bZlkbZ;ksa vusd jhfr&fjoktksa] mRlo&esyksa os”kHkw’kk vkfn
esa lekurk ikbZ tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ;gh ,drk lkfgR; vkSj dyk esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
Hkkjr dh lHkh Hkk’kkvksa ds lkfgR; esa vk/kkjHkwr ,drk dh Li’V >kadh fn[kkb Z
iM+rh gSA Hkkjr dh LFkkiR; dyk] fp=dyk] laxhr dyk rFkk k rFkk u`R; dyk
esa Hkkjrh;rk dh Li’V >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa vkarfjd ,drk rks ekStwn gS gh vkSj mlesa dksbZ lansg
ugh gS fdUrq Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh lcls izeq[k fo”ks’krk bldh loZ/keZ leHkko
dh Hkkouk vkSj fo”o ca/kqRo gSA blus ges”kk ls leLr i`Foh dks viuk dqVqEc
vkSj mlesa jg jgs yksxksa dks viuk ifjokfjd lnL; ekuk gSA bl “yksd esa
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh mi;qZDr fo”ks’krk ifjyksd esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh mi;qZDr
fo”ks’krk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA
v;a fut% ijksosfr x.kuk y?kqpsrlke~
mnkjpfjrkuke~ rq olq/kSo dqVqEcdeAA
mi;qZDr “yksd dk vFkZ gS fd ^^;g esjk gS ;g ijk;k gS dh x.kuk NksVs
g``n; okys djrs gSA mnkgj pfj= okys O;fDr ds fy, tks laiw.kZ i`Foh gh
dqVqEc dh rjg gSA**
1893 esa vesfjdk ds f”kdkxks “kgj esa fo”o /keZ lEEksyu dk vk;kstu
fd;k x;kA Lokeh foosdkuUn us bl fo”o lEEksyu esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kRo
fd;kA tgka lHkh ns”kksa ds izfrfuf/k vius&vius ns”k ds /keksZa dh fo”ks’krk dk
c[kku djus esa yxs gq, Fks ogha Lokeh foosdkuUn us ,d ,sls /keZ dk c[kku
fd;k tks /keksZa dks vius vUnj lesV ysus dh {kerk ls ifjiw.kZ FkkA dgus dk
rkRi;Z gS fd mudk /keZ ekuork dk /keZ Fkk tks loZ/keZ leHkko dh Hkkouk ls
;qDr Fkk vkSj lHkh euq’;ksa dh lekurk ij cy nsus okyk FkkA muds bl Hkk’k.k
dks fo”o Hkj esa ljkgk x;kA
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 6
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gS fd Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh lcls cM+h fo”ks’krk
vusdrk esa ,drk vkSj loZ/keZ leHkko gSA izkphudky ls orZeku rFkk vusd
FkisM+ksa dks lgrs gq, Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vkt Hkh mlh etcwrh ls LFkkfir gSA
oLrqr% ;g laLd`fr Hkkjro’kZ dh vkRek gSA
lUnHkZ&
1- fyIlsV] ,l0,u0&iksfyfVdy eSuA
2- feYl] lh0 jkbV&n ikoj ,ykbVA
3- csoj] eSDl&lekt “kkL= esa fucU/kA
4- iSjVks] ekbUM ,.M lkslkbVhA
5- cSfUMDl&Dykl LVsVl ,.M ikojA
6- vke.M ,.M okosy&dEizsfVo ikfyfVDlA
7- yqfl;u MCY;w ikbZ& vkLisDVl vkQ iksfyfVdy Msosyies.VA
8- ,yu vkj0 cky& ekMuZ ikfyfVDl ,.M xouZes.VA
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Reflectance properties of 1-D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic
Crystal Dr. J. P. Pandey
1
Abstract: The dispersion, reflectance and transmittance spectrum of 1-D
superconductor-dielectric periodic multilayer structure are theoretically
investigated for a stratified medium by using the transfer matrix method (TMM)
method. This study of reflectance and transmittance at different angles of incidence
and temperatures show the filtering properties in superconductor-dielectric photonic
crystal.
Introduction:
Superconductivity was first observed in mercury in 1911 by Dutch physicist
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University. The materials, which offer no
resistance to the flow of electricity, was called superconducting materials. These are
one of the last great frontiers of scientific discovery. In subsequent decades, other
superconducting metals, alloys and compounds were discovered. In 1941, Niobium-
Nitride was found to superconduct at 16K. In 1953, Vanadium-Silicon displayed
superconducting properties at 17.5K and, in 1962, the first commercial
superconducting wire and alloy of Niobium and Titanium was developed by
scientists at Westinghouse. Additional milestones have been achieved by using
exotic- and toxic- elements in the base perovskite ceramics.
The transmission properties of a high critical temperature superconductor-
dielectric PC was studied by Yaw [1] in 2002. He observed that superconductivity
can be rapidly quenched with an incident electromagnetic field above some critical
intensity and the superconductivity is restored when the radiation intensity is
reduced below the critical value. Also, superconductor undergoes a change in optical
properties in term of index of refraction, dielectric function, dispersion relation,
transmittance and reflectance etc. as the transition is made between the
superconducting (S) and normal state (N), though the degree to which the dielectric
function differ between the S-state to N-state varies with normalized frequency.
1. Department of Physics, M L K P G College, Balrampur (UP)
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Various reports [2-7] show the study of photonic crystals consisting of a
superconducting material and a dielectric. The size of the gap is characterized by
polarization, penetration depth, and highly dependent on temperature at the vicinity
of superconducting transition temperature. The analysis shows that the property of
thin photonic crystals may have application in optical region if extremely low
relaxation time superconductor is used. This may be asset for superconducting
electronics-photonic integration [5-7].
Feng et al. [8] investigated the tunable negative refraction in the lowest band
of a 2-D PC incorporating the superconductor constituents. Ricci et al. [9] has
examined experimentally the properties of a low loss super conducting materials.
The issue of a super conducting photonic crystal was first investigated by a group in
Singapore [3]. They have considered 1-D superconductor/dielectric super lattices by
making use of the TMM [10].
Recently, Wu et al. [6] calculated the full band structure in the TE mode for
a 1-D superconductor dielectric super lattice. They observed the three lowest band
gaps as a function of penetration depth of superconductor, permittivity of dielectric
and angle of incidence respectively.
A full band structure of superconductor-dielectric periodic structure is an
important means for understanding the fundamental physics about electromagnetic
wave propagation characteristics in a superconducting photonic crystal. This
information is not only fundamental but also of technical use of super conducting
material. The findings of ref. [11-13] are extended in this paper.
In this communication, the optical properties of PCs with super conducting
constituent are studied for a stratified medium. The dispersion relation, reflectance
and transmittance spectrum of superconductor-dielectric 1-D periodic multilayer
structure are calculated based on the transcendental equations derived from transfer
matrix method and Bloch theorem. This study shows the filtering properties in
superconductor-dielectric 1-D photonic crystal.
Mathematical Formulation:
Figure 1.Schematic presentation of superconductor/dielectric periodic
structure.
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The refractive index profile of the above structure is given as,
dxdn
dxnxn
22
11
,
0,)(
(1) with n(x) = n(x + d) where n1, n2 are the refractive indices of the superconductor and dielectric materials. The electric field E(x) in the m
th unit cell can be written
as
)dmd(xd)1m(;edec
mdx)dmd(;ebea)x(E
1
)dmdx(ik
m
)dmdx(ik
m
1
)mdx(ik
m
)mdx(ik
m
1212
21 ,
(2) where
1d
21
2
2
11 cosc
nn
ck
,
2s
21
2
2
22 cosc
nn
ck
(3) For the superconductor, the index of refraction can be described on the basis of the conventional two fluid models [14-15]. This model is used to describe the
electromagnetic behavior of superconductor at non-zero temperature. Normally,
the conductivity of the superconductor is complex. With some approximations
(lossless), the complex conductivity of a superconductor approximates to
m
nei)( s
2
(4) only when the conduction nn < ins/ is satisfied. Where () is the conductivity of the superconductor, e and m are the charge and mass of electron
respectively, ns is the density of electron and is the frequency of external
electromagnetic wave. The approximation condition can be found in Ref. [2].
The conductivity equation (4) can be expressed in terms of London-penetration
depths L, since 2
s0
2
Len
m
(5) (5a) So that 2
L0
i)(
(5b) From the Gorter-Casimir result [14, 17], 1T
T
n
n4
c
n
s
and the London-
penetration depth,
4
c
LL
T
T1
)0()T(
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(6) where the conductivity equation (5b) is temperature dependent. In the
superconductor layer, with no external source current and charge, the Maxwell‘s
equation becomes - 0BkB2
1
2
(7) By substituting equation (5),
2
L
2
22
1
1
ck
(8) Then, from Snell‘s law, the length of the tangential wave vector k1x (parallel to
the dielectric superconductor interface) is conserved. That is
sinc
k y1 ,
where is the angle of incident (relative to normal of interface) of the
electromagnetic wave as vacuum. Then, the frequency dependent normal vector
is )(nc
1cos
ck 12
L
2
2
2
x1
(9) where
2
L
2
22
1
1ccos)(n
In the dielectric layer, with no external source
current and charge, the Maxwell‘s equation becomes 0222 BkB
(10) From equation
(11) and Snell‘s law, we have 2
22
2c
k
or
22
22
2
2
2
22
x2 sinc
sincc
k
or 2x2 nc
k
(11) where
2
2 sinn
According to transfer matrix method, the characteristic matrix corresponding
to one period is as follows
2,21,2
2,11,1
mm
mm)d(m
(12) Where )dk(sin)dksin(p
p)dkcos()dkcos(m 2x21x1
1
22x21x11,1
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)dk(cos)dk(sinp
i)dk(sin)dkcos(
p
im 2x21x1
1
2x21x1
2
2,1
)dk(sin)dk(cosip)dk(cos)dksin(ipm 2x21x122x21x111,2
)dk(sin)dk(sinp
p)dk(cos)dkcos(m 2x21x1
2
12x21x12,2
where )TM(cosnZ
1p),TE(cos
Z
npandcosn
ck i
i0
ii
0
iiiii
with i = 1, 2 and impedance )/(Z000 of free space. The total characteristic
matrix for the N-period structure can be obtained,
2,21,2
2,11,1N
MM
MM)d(m)Nd(M
(13) where M1,1 = m11 UN-1 - UN-2, M1,2 = m12 UN-1 M2,1 = m21 UN-1, M2,2 =
m22 UN-1 - UN-2 mi,j are the characteristic matrix of equation (13) and UN is the Chebyshev
polynomial of second kind defined by
d)(Ksin
d)(K)1N(sinU N
(14) The dispersion relation can be
found as
)dksin()dksin(
p
p
p
p
2
1)dk(cos)dkcos(cos
d
1)(K 2x21x1
1
2
2
12x21x1
1
(15) The reflection and transmission coefficients can be determined and are
given by
s2,21,20s2,11,1
s2,21,20s2,11,1
pMMppMM
pMMppMMr
s2,21,20s2,11,10
pMMppMM
p2t
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(16) Here p0 and ps are for the first and last medium of the structure, which are
given as )TE(Z
cosnp,
Z
cosnp
0
sss
0
000
and impedance
)/(Z000 of free space. In this case, n0 = ns = 1.0 for the free
space. The reflectance (R) and transmittance (T) for superconductor/dielectric
photonic crystal are related by 2
0
s2 tp
pTandrR (17)
The expressions of the reflectivity for Nth
layers of the structure is given
2
2
1,2
2
1,22
N
d)(NKsin
d)(KsinM
MR
(18) where N is the total number of unit cells (i.e. number of pairs of layers).
Results and Discussion:
Here, Tc=10K is taken with penetration depth as 60nm for superconducting
material and the refractive index of dielectric material is 15 in the considered PC.
The thicknesses of the superconductor and dielectric materials are 2d/3 and d/3
respectively with d=1, 2 where d is the total thickness of the unit cell of the
superconductor-dielectric materials.
Generally, the refractive index of the superconductor is temperature
dependent, but here, T=5.5K is taken which is below the critical temperature (Tc).
The substrate is supposed to be air having refractive index 1.0. The material is
considered to be linear, homogeneous, non-absorbing and with no optical activity
when the electromagnetic wave is incident. The band structure, reflectance and
transmittance versus normalized frequency range of the structure are plotted for
N=10, where N is the total number of the period. These variations are shown at the
different angles of incidence for the electromagnetic spectrum. The band structures
are investigated by calculating cos (Kd) term of the structure. The allowed or
forbidden gaps of cos(Kd) of the structure has also been calculated for the
transmittance and reflectance.
The band structure, reflectance and transmittance at zero angle of incidence
is shown in figure 2(a). A broad band gap is found in the range of 0.15 to 0.34 of the
normalized frequency. The reflectance is found 100% in the range of 0.15 to 0.34 of
the normalized frequency. Such property can be applied to make a reflector which
can be used in low temperature region. It is also seen that the band structure and
reflectance for the periodic layers are same due to Bragg reflection inside the
interfaces of the periodic layers.
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The same calculations are made at the angles of incidences 30o, 60
o and 85
o
for the same structure. These calculations are done at different angles of incidence
30o, 60
o and 85
o and are shown in figures 2(b), 2(c) and 2(d) respectively. From the
study of figures, it is observed that the band structures and reflectance/transmittance
of the given structure are same. The range of band gaps and
reflectance/transmittance of the given structure increases with the increase in angle
of incidence. But the band structures and reflectance/transmittance of the considered
structure are shifted towards the higher frequency range. Such shifting properties of
the band gaps and reflectance‘s of the periodic structure are due to the property of
the Bragg gaps.
From above study, it can be seen that the superconductor-dielectric photonic
crystal may be used as broad band reflector and omnidirectional reflector at low
temperatures below to the critical temperature. Such property may be applied to
make the reflector which can be used in low temperature region.
(a)
(b)
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(c)
(d)
Figure 2: Dispersion relation, Reflectance and Transmittance of the considered
structure at an angle of incidence (a) 00 (b) 30
0 (c) 60
0 and (d) 85
0.
References:
1. R.N.Yaw “Transmission properties of a high critical temperature superconductor/dielectric multilayer photonic band gap”, Huntsvill, Alabama, 2002
2. W.M. Lee, P.M. Hui and D. Stroud, “Propagating photonic modes below the gap in a superconducting composite”, Phys. Rev. B, 51, 8634-8637, April, 1995.
3. C.H. Raymond Oai, T.C. Anyeung, C.H. Kam and T.K. Lim, Phys. Rev. B, 61, 5920, 2000; F. Abbas, “Propagation in a multilayer structure of superconductor and dielectric”, Phyica C, 254, 291-306, June, 1995.
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4. Y.B. Chen, C. Zhang, Y. Zhu. S. Zhu and N. Ming, “Tunable photonic crystals with superconducting constituents”, Mat. Lett., 55, 12-16, July, 2002.
5. H. Takeda and K. Yoshino, “Tunable photonic band schemes in two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of copper oxide high-temperature superconductors”, Phys. Rev. B, 67, 245109-6, June, 2003.
6. C. J. Wu, M. S. Chen and T. J. Yang, “Photonic band structure for superconductor-dielectric superlattices”, Physica C, 432, 133-139, Sept., 2005; C. J. Wu, “Transmission and reflection in a periodic superconductor/dielectric film multilayer structure”, J. Electromagnetic wave and Applications, 19, 1991-1996, 2005; C. J. Wu, “Transmission and reflection in a periodic superconductor/dielectric film multilayer structure”, PIER Symposium-2005, China, Aug., 2005.
7. H. Takeda and K. Yashino, “Properties of Abrikosov lattices as photonic crystals”, Phys. Rev. B, 70, 085109-5, 2004.
8. L. Feng, X. P. Liu, J. Ren, Y. F. Tang, Y. B. Chen and Y. F. Chen, “Tunable negative refraction in two dimensional photonic crystals with superconducting constituents”, J. Appl. Phys., 97, 073104-5, March, 2005.
9. M. Ricci et al, Superconducting metamaterials, Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, 034102-3, July, 2005.
10. Huang-Ming Lee and Jong-Ching Wu, “Transmittance spectra in one-dimensional superconductor-dielectric photonic crystal” J. Appl. Phys. 107, 09E149, 2010.
11. G.N. Pandey, Khem B. Thapa and S.P. Ojha, “Omni directional reflectance properties of superconductor-dielectric photonic crystal” Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, Volume 125, Issue 1, Pages 252–256, January 2014.
12. Chun-Li Liu, Hai-Feng Zhang, Yu-Qing Chen, “Enlarged the omnidirectional Bragg gap by one-dimensional superconductor-dielectric photonic crystals with ternary Thue–Morse aperiodic structure” Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, volume 124, Issue 22 , Pages 5811-5817, 2013.
13. M. Upadhyay, S. K. Awasthi, L. Shiveshwari, P. K. Srivastava, S. P. Ojha, “Thermally Tunable Photonic Filter for WDM Networks Using 1D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic Crystals” Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, Volume 28, Issue 8, pp 2275-2280, 2015.
http://scitation.aip.org/content/contributor/AU0061391;jsessionid=16l5w9ri77aj6.x-aip-live-03http://scitation.aip.org/content/contributor/AU0220399;jsessionid=16l5w9ri77aj6.x-aip-live-03http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613009339http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613009339http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613009339http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613009339http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613009339http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00304026http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00304026/125/1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00304026/125/1https://www.infona.pl/contributor/0@bwmeta1.element.elsevier-925364ea-999c-3b5b-8fe8-7da5d7eeb9ab/tab/publicationshttps://www.infona.pl/contributor/1@bwmeta1.element.elsevier-925364ea-999c-3b5b-8fe8-7da5d7eeb9ab/tab/publicationshttps://www.infona.pl/contributor/2@bwmeta1.element.elsevier-925364ea-999c-3b5b-8fe8-7da5d7eeb9ab/tab/publicationshttps://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-f33a41c9-2d99-3e0b-b08e-239b19fb609e/tab/jContenthttps://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-f33a41c9-2d99-3e0b-b08e-239b19fb609e/tab/jContent/facet?field=%5ejournalYear%5ejournalVolume&value=%5e_02013%5e_00124https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-f33a41c9-2d99-3e0b-b08e-239b19fb609e/tab/jContent/facet?field=%5ejournalYear%5ejournalVolume%5ejournalNumber&value=%5e_02013%5e_00124%5e_00022https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-f33a41c9-2d99-3e0b-b08e-239b19fb609e/tab/jContent/facet?field=%5ejournalYear&value=%5e_02013http://link.springer.com/search?facet-creator=%22Maitreyi+Upadhyay%22http://link.springer.com/search?facet-creator=%22Suneet+K.+Awasthi%22http://link.springer.com/search?facet-creator=%22Laxmi+Shiveshwari%22http://link.springer.com/search?facet-creator=%22Pankaj+K.+Srivastava%22http://link.springer.com/search?facet-creator=%22Sant+P.+Ojha%22http://link.springer.com/journal/10948http://link.springer.com/journal/10948http://link.springer.com/journal/10948http://link.springer.com/journal/10948/28/8/page/1
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14. P. Yeh, “Optical waves in layered media”, John Willey and Sons, New York, Chapter 6, 1988.
15. M. Born and E. Wolf, “Principle of Optics, Pergmon Press, Oxford, 1965. K. Sakoda, “Optical properties of photonic crystals”, Springer Verlag Germany, 2001.
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Emerging Challenges Before Indian
Agriculture Dr.Bindrawan Lal
1
Introduction: Agriculture is different from industry and plays a significant role in the economic
development of a nation. India‘s prosperity depends upon the agricultural prosperity.
There are many kinds of agricultural products produced in India. Agriculture has
been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will continue to remain so for a long
time. It has to support almost 17 per cent of world population from 2.3 per cent of
world geographical area and 4.2 per cent of world‘s water resources. The economic
reforms, initiated in the country during the early 1990s, have put the economy on a
higher growth trajectory. Annual growth rate in GDP has accelerated mainly due to
rapid growth in non-agriculture sector. There are many problems faced by Indian
agriculture. One of the excluded sectors during the reform period was agriculture
which showed low growth and experienced more farmers‘ suicides. There are
serious concerns on the performance of agriculture sector in the country. The post-
reform period growth was led by services. The commodity sector growth
(agriculture +industry) has not been higher in the post-reform periods compared to
that of 1980s. Particular worry is the agriculture sector which showed lower than 2%
per annum growth during the previous decade. Also, there is a disconnect between
employment growth and GDP growth. In other words, employment is not generated
in industry and services where growth is high. On the other hand, GDP growth is
low in agriculture where majority of people are employed. In this research paper we
would highlighted the various problems of Indian agriculture sector; such as small
and fragmented land holdings, lack of quality seeds, Manures, Fertilizers and
Biocides, lack of irrigation facility, Lack of mechanization, Soil erosion, agriculture
marketing, Inadequate storage facilities, inadequate transport facility and Scarcity of
capital etc.
1. Associate Professor, M.K.Govt Degree College, Ninowa, Farrukhabad U.P.
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Some of the major problems and their possible solutions have been discussed as
follows. Indian agriculture is plagued by several problems; some of them are natural
and some others are manmade.
1. Small and fragmented land-holdings:
Table 1-All India proportion of households of different social groups possessing
upto 1 hectare of land (percent) and proportion of non agriculture households
by major source of income (Rural) (percent)
Social
group
s
Size class of land
possessed(Hectare up to
0.40
Size class of land
possessed(Hectare up to
1.00
Proportion of non
agriculture households%
1993
-
1994
1999
-
2000
2004
-
2005
2009
-
2010
1993
-
1994
1999
-
2000
2004
-
2005
2009
-
2010
1993
-
1994
1999
-
2000
2004
-
2005
2009
-
2010
ST 43.2 46.3 46.4 56.7 64.6 70.6 70.3 76.5 24.2 24.2 26.6 29.6
SC 71.7 75.0 74.9 81.0 86.6 89.7 89.6 92.1 30.6 32.2 39.3 46.1
OBC - 56.5 56.0 62.7 - 76.7 75.5 79.4 - 36.1 39.0 42.6
Other
s
49.1 52.5 52.5 58.1 68.6 71.2 71.0 75.1 33.4 39.8 41.1 44.7
ALL 53.2 58.1 58.2 64.8 72.0 77.7 76.9 80.8 31.9 35.1 38.3 42.5
The seemingly abundance of net sown area of 141.2 million hectares and total
cropped area of 189.7 million hectares (1999-2000) pales into insignificance when
we see that it is divided into economically unviable small and scattered holdings.
Size class of land possessed(Hectare up to 0.40 in 1993-1994 is 53.2 percent while it
was 64.8 percent in 2009-2010 respectibly. Size class of land possessed Hectare up
to 1.00 was 72 percent in 1993-1994 and it was 80.8 percent in 2009-2010.
The problem of small and fragmented holdings is more serious in densely populated
and intensively cultivated states like Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar and eastern part of
Uttar Pradesh where the average size of land holdings is less than one hectare and in
certain parts it is less than even 0.4 hectare.
Rajasthan with vast sandy stretches and Nagaland with the prevailing ‗Jhoom‘
(shifting agriculture) have larger average sized holdings of 4 and 7.15 hectares
respectively. States having high percentage of net sown area like Punjab, Haryana,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh have holding size above the
national average.
The main reason for this sad state of affairs is our inheritance laws. The land
belonging to the father is equally distributed among his sons. This distribution of
land does not entail a collection or consolidated one, but its nature is fragmented.
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Different tracts have different levels of fertility and are to be distributed accordingly.
If there are four tracts which are to be distributed between two sons, both the sons
will get smaller plots of each land tract. In this way the holdings become smaller and
more fragmented with each passing generation.
Sub-division and fragmentation of the holdings is one of the main causes of our low
agricultural productivity and backward state of our agriculture. A lot of time and
labour is wasted in moving seeds, manure, implements and cattle from one piece of
land to another.
Irrigation becomes difficult on such small and fragmented fields. Further, a lot of
fertile agricultural land is wasted in providing boundaries. Under such
circumstances, the farmer cannot concentrate on improvement.
The only answer to this ticklish problem is the consolidation of holdings which
means the reallocation of holdings which are fragmented, the creation of farms
which comprise only one or a few parcels in place of multitude of patches formerly
in the possession of each peasant.
But unfortunately, this plan has not succeeded much. Although legislation for
consolidation of holdings has been enacted by almost all the states, it has been
implemented only in Punjab, Haryana and in some parts of Uttar Pradesh.
2. Seeds:
Seed is a critical and basic input for attaining higher crop yields and sustained
growth in agricultural production. Distribution of assured quality seed is as critical
as the production of such seeds. Unfortunately, good quality seeds are out of reach
of the majority of farmers, especially small and marginal farmers mainly because of
exorbitant prices of better seeds.
In order to solve this problem, the Government of India established the National
Seeds Corporation (NSC) in 1963 and the State Farmers Corporation of India (SFCI)
in 1969. Thirteen State Seed Corporations (SSCs) were also established to augment
the supply of improved seeds to the farmers.
High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in 1966-67 as a major
thrust plan to increase the production of food grains in the country.
The Indian seed industry had exhibited impressive growth in the past and is expected
to provide further potential for growth in agricultural production: The role of seed
industry is not only to produce adequate quantity of quality seeds but also to achieve
varietal diversity to suit various agro-climatic zones of the country.
The policy statements are designed towards making available to the Indian farmer,
adequate quantities of seed of superior quality at the appropriate time and place and
at an affordable price so as to meet the country‘s food and nutritional security goals.
Indian seeds programme largely adheres to limited generation system for seed
multiplication. The system recognises three kinds of generation, namely breeder,
foundation and certified seeds. Breeder seed is the basic seed and first stage in seed
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production. Foundation seed is the second stage in seed production chain and is the
progeny of breeder seed.
Certified seed is the ultimate stage in seed production chain and is the progeny of
foundation seed. Production of breeder and foundation seeds and certified seeds
distribution has gone up at an annual average rate of 3.4 per cent, 7.5 per cent and
9.5 per cent respectively, between 2001-02 and 2005-06).
3. Manures, Fertilizers and Biocides:
Indian soils have been used for growing crops over thousands of years without
caring much for replenishing. This has led to depletion and exhaustion of soils
resulting in their low productivity. The average yields of almost all the crops are
among t e lowest in the world. This is a serious problem which can be solved by
using more manures and fertilizers.
Manures and fertilizers play the same role in relation to soils as good food in relation
to body. Just as a well-nourished body is capable of doing any good job, a well
nourished soil is capable of giving good yields. It has been estimated that about 70
per cent of growth in agricultural production can be attributed to increased fertilizer
application.
Thus increase in the consumption of fertilizers is a barometer of agricultural
prosperity. However, there are practical difficulties in providing sufficient manures
and fertilizers in all parts of a country of India‘s dimensions inhabited by poor
peasants. Cow dung provides the best manure to the soils.
But its use as such is limited because much of cow dung is used as kitchen fuel in
the shape of dung cakes. Reduction in the supply of fire wood and increasing
demand for fuel in the rural areas due to increase in population has further
complicated the problem. Chemical fertilizers are costly and are often beyond the
reach of the poor farmers. The fertilizer problem is, therefore, both acute and
complex.
It has been felt that organic manures are essential for keeping the soil in good health.
The country has a potential of 650 million tonnes of rural and 160 lakh tonnes of
urban compost which is not fully utilized at present. The utilization of this potential
will solve the twin problem of disposal of waste and providing manure to the soil.
The government has given high incentive especially in the form of heavy subsidy for
using chemical fertilizers. There was practically no use of chemical fertilizers at the
time of Independence As a result of initiative by the government and due to change
in the attitude of some progressive farmers, the consumption of fertilizers increased
tremendously.
In order to maintain the quality of the fertilizers, 52 fertilizer quality control
laboratories have been set up in different parts of the country. In addition, there is
one Central Fertilizer Quality Control and Training Institute at Faridabad with its
three regional centers at Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.
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Pests, germs and weeds cause heavy loss to crops which amounted to about one third
of the total field produce at the time of Independence. Biocides (pesticides,
herbicides and weedicides) are used to save the crops and to avoid losses. The
increased use of these inputs has saved a lot of crops, especially the food crops from
unnecessary wastage. But indiscriminate use of biocides has resulted in wide spread
environmental pollution which takes its own toll.
4. Irrigation:
Although India is the second largest irrigated country of the world after China, only
one-third of the cropped area is under irrigation. Irrigation is the most important
agricultural input in a tropical monsoon country like India where rainfall is
uncertain, unreliable and erratic India cannot achieve sustained progress in
agriculture unless and until more than half of the cropped area is brought under
assured irrigation.
This is testified by the success story of agricultural progress in Punjab Haryana and
western part of Uttar Pradesh where over half of the cropped area is under irrigation!
Large tracts still await irrigation to boost the agricultural output.
However, care must be taken to safeguard against ill effects of over irrigation
especially in areas irrigated by canals. Large tracts in Punjab and Haryana have been
rendered useless (areas affected by salinity, alkalinity and water-logging), due to
faulty irrigation. In the Indira Gandhi Canal command area also intensive irrigation
has led to sharp rise in sub-soil water level, leading to water-logging, soil salinity
and alkalinity.
5. Lack of mechanization:
In spite of the large scale mechanization of agriculture in some parts of the country,
most of the agricultural operations in larger parts are carried on by human hand
using simple and conventional tools and implements like wooden plough, sickle, etc.
Little or no use of machines is made in ploughing, sowing, irrigating, thinning and
pruning, weeding, harvesting threshing and transporting the crops. This is specially
the case with small and marginal farmers. It results in huge wastage of human labour
and in low yields per capita labour force.
There is urgent need to mechanize the agricultural operations so that wastage of
labour force is avoided and farming is made convenient and efficient. Agricultural
implements and machinery are a crucial input for efficient and timely agricultural
operations, facilitating multiple cropping and thereby increasing production.
Some progress has been made for mechanizing agriculture in India after
Independence. Need for mechanization was specially felt with the advent of Green
Revolution in 1960s. Strategies and programmes have been directed towards
replacement of traditional and inefficient implements by improved ones, enabling
the farmer to own tractors, power tillers, harvesters and other machines.
A large industrial base for manufacturing of the agricultural machines has also been
developed. Power availability for carrying out various agricultural operations has
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been increased to reach a level of 24 kW per hectare in 2009-10from only 0.3 kW
per hectare in 1971-72.
This increase was the result of increasing use of tractor, power tiller and combine
harvesters, irrigation pumps and other power operated machines. The share of
mechanical and electrical power has increased from 40 per cent in 1971 to 88 per
cent in 2009-10.
Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest average sales of tractors during the five year
period ending 2003-04 and/West Bengal recorded the highest average sales of power
tillers during the same period.
Strenuous efforts are being made to encourage the farmers to adopt technically
advanced agricultural equipments in order to carry farm operations timely and
precisely and to economize the agricultural production process.
6. Soil erosion:
Large tracts of fertile land suffer from soil erosion by wind and water. This area
must be properly treated and restored to its original fertility.
7. Agricultural Marketing:
Agricultural marketing still continues to be in a bad shape in rural India. In the
absence of sound marketing facilities, the farmers have to depend upon local traders
and middlemen for the disposal of their farm produce which is sold at throw-away
price.
In most cases, these farmers are forced, under socio-economic conditions, to carry
on distress sale of their produce. In most of small villages, the farmers sell their
produce to the money lender from whom they usually borrow money.
According to an estimate 85 per cent of wheat and 75 per cent of oil seeds in Uttar
Pradesh, 90 per cent of Jute in West Bengal, 70 per cent of oilseeds and 35 per cent
of cotton in Punjab is sold by farmers in the village itself. Such a situation arises due
to the inability of the poor farmers to wait for long after harvesting their crops.
In order to meet his commitments and pay his debt, the poor farmer is forced to sell
the produce at whatever price is offered to him. The Rural Credit Survey Report
rightly remarked that the producers in general sell their produce at an unfavorable
place and at an unfavorable time and usually they get unfavorable terms.
In the absence of an organized marketing structure, private traders and middlemen
dominate the marketing and trading of agricultural produce. The remuneration of the
services provided by the middlemen increases the load on the consumer, although
the producer does not derive similar benefit.
Many market surveys have revealed that middlemen take away about 48 per cent of
the price of rice, 52 per cent of the price of groundnuts and 60 per cent of the price
of potatoes offered by consumers.
In order to save the farmer from the clutches of the money lenders and the middle
men, the government has come out with regulated markets. These markets generally
introduce a system of competitive buying, help in eradicating malpractices, ensure
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the use of standardized weights and measures and evolve suitable machinery for
settlement of disputes thereby ensuring that the producers are not subjected to
exploitation and receive remunerative prices.
8. Inadequate storage facilities:
Storage facilities in the rural areas are either totally absent or grossly inadequate.
Under such conditions the farmers are compelled to sell their produce immediately
after the harvest at the prevailing market prices which are bound to be low. Such
distress sale deprives the farmers of their legitimate income.
The Parse Committee estimated the post-harvest losses at 9.3 per cent of which
nearly 6.6 per cent occurred due to poor storage conditions alone. Scientific storage
is, therefore, very essential to avoid losses and to benefit the farmers and the
consumers alike.
At present there are number of agencies engaged in warehousing and storage
activities. The Food Corporation of India (F.C.I.), the Central Warehousing
Corporation (C.W.C.) and State Warehousing Corporation are among the principal
agencies engaged in this task. These agencies help in building up buffer stock, which
can be used in the hour of need. The Central Government is also implementing the
scheme for establishment of national Grid of Rural Godowns since 1979-80.
This scheme provides storage facilities to the farmers near their fields and in
particular to the small and marginal farmers. The Working Group on additional
storage facilities in rural areas has recommended a scheme of establishing a network
of Rural Storage Centers to serve the economic interests of the farming community.
9. Inadequate transport:
One of the main handicaps with Indian agriculture is the lack of cheap and efficient
means of transportation. Even at present there are lakhs of villages which are not
well connected with main roads or with market centres.
Most roads in the rural areas are Kutcha (bullock- cart roads) and become useless in
the rainy season. Under these circumstances the farmers cannot carry their produce
to the main market and are forced to sell it in the local market at low price. Linking
each village by metalled road is a gigantic task and it needs huge sums of money to
complete this task.
10. Scarcity of capital:
Agriculture is an important industry and like all other industries it also requires
capital. The role of capital input is becoming more and more important with the
advancement of farm technology. Since the agriculturists‘ capital is locked up in his
lands and stocks, he is obliged to borrow money for stimulating the tempo of
agricultural production.
The main suppliers of money to the farmer are the money-lenders, traders and
commission agents who charge high rate of interest and purchase the agricultural
produce at very low price. All India Rural Credit Survey Committee showed that in
1950-51 the share of money lenders stood at as high as 68.6 per cent of the total
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rural credit and in 1975-76 their share declined to 43 per cent of the credit needs of
the farmers.
This shows that the money lender is losing ground but is still the single largest
contributor of agricultural credit. Rural credit scenario has undergone a significant
change and institutional agencies such as Central Cooperative Banks, State
Cooperative Banks, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Credit Agencies and some
Government Agencies are extending loans to farmers on easy terms.
Agriculture credit – major concerns
In the 12 year period from 2000-01 to 2011-12, the flow of ground level credit has
increased impressively, especially after the ‗doubling period‘ (2004-07), showing
almost a 10 fold increase! Around 28 lakh crore havebeen disbursed during the 12
years and in the next 5 years of 12 th FYP, another 35 to 42 lakh crore are expected
to be invested (12 th Five Year Plan Estimates). Clearly,agriculture credit has
emerged as a major strategy for accelerating investments in agriculture. Out of
roughly 14 crore farm households, only half are covered by formal banking
institutions, leaving the remaining to informal sources or for self financing. hough
growth in agricultural credit is very high in nominal terms, in real terms, it looks
‗modest‘ - especially for the later period 2007-08 to 2010-11. This is true for both
long term as well as short term credit. Obviously, the later period inflation has taken
off some of the sheen in the credit growth.
Recommendations:
Following are the key recommendations as a ‗way forward‘ to ensure higher and
inclusive growth in Indian agriculture. Although all these recommendations are
important, the first four demand immediate attention.
1. Increasing agricultural productivity is a key challenge for ensuring national food
security. To increase production, exploiting the potential of existing yield gaps
offers a tremendous opportunity. Hence, a Mission Mode Program on ―Bridging the
Productivity Gap‖ with real missionary zeal and effective monitoring is required to
be launched with meticulous planning as a matter of priority. For this, attention to
agriculture in science policy is needed, and the existing technology dissemination
and input supply system needs to be revitalized and tuned to meet the emerging
needs of farmers. Special emphasis on seed sector, input use efficiency, financial and
insurance institutions and a paradigm shift in technology transfer mechanisms
involving both the private sector and NGOs would be critical in achieving the
desired goals.
2. Rain fed areas have a huge potential to raise production and increase farm income.
These grey areas can soon be made green to harness a second green revolution.
Role of technologies, policies and infrastructure would be very important in
realizing the potential of rain fed agriculture. In this context, it has to be ensured
that public policies and technologies have appropriate synergies to move forward.
The initiative of the government to establish the ‗Rain fed Authority of India‘ is a
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welcome step. However, this Authority needs a proper policy framework, legal
and funding supports as well as empowerment for effective coordination and
monitoring of all rain fed related programs run by various
Ministries/Departments. The sooner it is ensured, the better it would be in the
national interest as time is otherwise running out.
3. Linking farmers to markets is a pre-requisite for augmenting farm production
and farmers‘ income. Role of innovative institutions would be critical in this
context to reap the benefits of emerging opportunities.
4. There is a dire need to significantly expand the capital investment in both public
and private institutions in the non-green revolution regions, particularly in the
eastern and north-eastern India, where there is a great potential for agricultural
growth. Hence, investment priorities must now be oriented towards realistic
accelerated growth of agriculture for meeting the growing needs of the
population. Therefore, public policies should be such that these trigger the much
needed private sector investments for infrastructure development.
5. Agriculture is confronted with new forms of risks and uncertainties. These are
related to natural calamities, global climate change, use of food for bio fuels,
uncertainty over prices, etc. Role of knowledge system and institutional
mechanisms for input supply, credit, crop and livestock insurance, etc., would,
therefore, be important in reducing both risks and uncertainties in order to attain
the much needed resilience in Indian agriculture. At the same time, less
dependence on the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and efficient use of
water, energy and other inputs, including timely farm operations with major
emphasis on small farm mechanization and bio energy (solar and wind), would
help achieve faster growth in agriculture.
6. Water will be the most critical natural resource for the future growth of
agriculture. Currently, the water sector for irrigation is invariably neglected both
at the central and state levels. High inefficiencies in water delivery, distribution
and on-farm use are adversely affecting our agricultural production. Irrigated area
can be expanded considerably with improved efficiency in water use. Innovations
in governance and pricing of surface and ground water for the desired water use
efficiency, through an integrated approach among irrigation department, private
sector, and farmers‘ water user associations are urgent issues for coordinated
action by all stakeholders.
7. Climate change has added a new dimension to future agricultural growth, which is
a major concern. The worst affected would be small farm holders located in the
marginal and under-privileged areas. Therefore, investment options for both
adaptation and mitigation, and policies which can help in reducing the impact of
climate change, are urgently needed at this stage, especially to provide
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Conclusions:
Agriculture continues to be the backbone of Indian economy. Agriculture
sector employs 54.6% of the total workforce. The total Share of Agriculture &
Allied Sectors (Including Agriculture, Livestock, and forestry and fishery sub
sectors) in terms of percentage of Gross Domestic Product is 13.9 percent during
2013-14 at 2004-05 prices. [As per the estimates released by Central Statistics
Office]. For the 12th
Plan (2012-17), a growth target of 4 percent has been set for the
Agriculture Sector. As per the 4th
Advance Estimates of Production of food grains
for 2013-14, total food grain production is estimated to be 264.77 Million Tonnes. In
order to keep up the momentum gained during the 11th
Plan and achieve the targeted
growth rate of 4% during the 12th
Five Year Plan as also the ensure focused
approach and to avoid overlap, all the ongoing 51 schemes of the Department have
been restructured into five missions viz. National Food Security Mission (NFSM),
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture Mission (MIDH), National
Mission on Oil Seed and Oil Palm (NMOOP), National Mission for Sustainable
Agriculture (NMSA), and National Mission on Agricultural Extension &
Technology (NMAET); five Central Sector Schemes viz. National Crop Insurance
Programme (NCIP), Intergrated Scheme on Agri-Census & Statistics (ISAC&S),
Integrated Scheme of Agriculture Marketing (ISAM), Integrated Scheme of
Agriculture Cooperation (ISAC) and Secretariat Economic Service; and one State
Plan Scheme viz. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana. Recognizing the importance of
Agriculture Sector, the Government during the budget 2014-15 took a number of
steps for sustainable development of Agriculture. These steps include enhanced
institutional credit to farmers; promotion of scientific warehousing infrastructure
including cold storages and cold chains in the country for increasing shelf life of
agricultural produce; Improved access to irrigation through Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sichayee Yojana; provision of Price Stabilisation Fund to mitigate price volatality in
agricultural produce; Mission mode scheme for Soil Health Card; Setting up of Agri-
tech Infrastructure fund for making farming competitive and profitable; provide
institutional finance to joint farming groups of ―Bhoomi Heen Kisan‖ through
NABARD; development of indigenous cattle breeds and promoting inland fisheries
and other non-farm activities to supplement the income of farmers. and nutrition
security, increasing farm income, alleviating poverty and minimizing production
risks on account of climate change, besides ensuring overall natural resource
management and environmental security. Appropriate policies, institutions and
technologies would play an important role in facing these challenges boldly.
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Refrences:
1- The Story of India: a PBS documentary". Public Broadcasting Service, United States.
2- The numbers in this column are India's average, metric tonnes per hectare per year; regional farm productivity within India varies. For milk and other
produce, productivity is on per livestock animal basis.
3- Staff, India Brand Equity Foundation Agriculture and Food in India Accessed 7 May 2013.
http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/gallery/photos/7.htmlhttp://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-Food.aspx
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tkWu jkWYl ds U;k; fl)kUr dh lkFkZdrk yksd dY;kdkjh
jkT; ds ifjis{; esa ,d v/;;u
MkW0 iadt frokjh1
tkWu jkWYl dk.V ds vkn”kZoknh fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gksdj vius U;k; fl)kUr
dk izfriknu fd;kA mldk izfl) dFku gS fd ^^vkReu] lk/; ls igys gSA**
tks dk.V ds dFku ^^O;fDr Lo;a esa lk/; gSA** ls vfHkizsfjr gSA jkWYl vius
U;k; fl)kUr dk izfriknu 1971 esa viuh egRoiw.kZ ys[kuh (Theory of
Justice) ^fFk;jh vkWQ tLVhl* esa fn;kA jkWYl us U;k; dks (Fairness)
Qs;jusl dgk gSA lu~ 2001 esa tkWu jkWYl us Justice as Fairness : A
Restatement uked iqLrd fy[kdj yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh cqfu;knh dk lkFkZd cukus dk iz;kl fd;kA mlus U;k; dk O;kogkfjd vk/kkj iznku djus
ds fy, yksdrkaf=d jkT;ksa dh i`’BHkwfe dks vko”;d ekuk bl lUnHkZ esa mlus
jkT; ds dk;ksZa dk fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk&
vkoaVu& izfrLi/khZ iwWthoknh cktkjoknh O;oLFkk esa jkT; }kjk fderksa dk
fu;a=.k gksxk vkSj i zxfr”khy djjksi.k fd;k tk,xkA Hkkjr esa th0,l0Vh0
ykuk blh lUnHkZ esa ,d lkFkZd iz;kl ds :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gSA
LFkkf;Ro& O;fDr;ksa dks iw.kZ jkstxkj fnykus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xk] vkSj lHkh
O;fDr jkstxkj ds ekeys esa Lora= gksaxsA
LFkkukUrj.k& lHkh ds fy, U;wure vk; dh xkjaVhA ftlls U;wure fLFkfr esa
jgus okys yksxksa ds fy, vf/kdre ykHk gksA
1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] jktuhfr”kkL= foHkkx& Mh0,0oh0 ih0th0 dkyst] xksj[kiqj
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forj.k& lekt esa lEifRr dk dsUnzhdj.k forj.k ;fn ,d lhek ls vf/kd gks
tk;sa rks Lora=rk o lekurk ij [krjk mRiUu gks tkrk gSA vr% jkWYl migkjksa
,oa mRrjkf/kdkj dh lEifRr esa Hkh djjksi.k dk leFkZu fd;kA1
tkWu jkWYl ewyr% mnkjoknh fopkjd gSa] vkSj mUgksaus mnkjoknh O;oLFkk
ds vUrxZr ,d U;k;iw.kZ lekt LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k] mudk lewpk
U;k; dk fl)kUr cktkjoknh O;OkLFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSA jkWYl ds U;k; esa lHkh
O;fDr;ksa dks leku LorU=rk dk vf/kdkj gSA jkWYl ds er esa mi;ksfxrk
fl)kUr bl rF; dks Li’V djus esa vleFkZ jgk gS fd ,d U;k;iw.kZ lekt esa
leku ukxfjdksa dh Lora=rkvksa dh xkj.Vh yh tkrh gS rFkk U;k; }kjk jf{kr
vf/kdkj u rks jktuhfrd lkSnsckth ds fo’k; gksrs gSa vkSj u gh lkekftd fgrksa
dh x.kuk dkA2
muds vuqlkj U;k; ekuoh; foosd o p;u dk ifj.kke gSA ;g bZ”oj
iznRr ugha gS vkSj u gh bfrgkl ij vk/kkfjr gSA bldk fuekZ.k ^uSfrd
O;fDr;ksa* }kjk fd;k x;k vkSj O;fDr;ksa us iwokZxzgksa ls Åij mBdj ekuoh;
lEca/kksa dks fu;af=r o larqfyr djus ds fy, U;k; ds fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
jkWYl ds vuqlkj ^^U;k; lekt dk izkFkfed ln~xq.k gSA** ftlesa ^leku
LorU=rk ds vf/kdkj*] ^volj dh lEkkurk* vkSj ^U;wure fLFkfr esa jgus okys
yksxksa ds fy, vf/kdre ykHk dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA jkWYl ds vuqlkj
^^izkFkfed oLrqvksa dk leku forj.k djuk gh U;k; gSA ijUrq bu izkFkfed
oLrqvksa ds forj.k esa HksnHkko fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn izkFkfed oLrqvksa dk
forj.k ^U;wure fLFkfr* esa jgus okys yksxksa ds fy, vf/kdre ykHkizn gksA**
izkFkfed oLrq,a fuEufyf[kr izdkj dh gksrh gSA
d- lkekftd izkFkfed oLrq,a] ftlesa&
v- ewyHkwr LorU=rk
c- ¼fopkj vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=rk½
l- vkokxeu] O;olk; ds p;u dh LorU=rk
n- vk; o lEifRr
u- volj dh lekurk vkSj vkRe lEeku lfEefyr gSa
[k- izkd`frd izkFkfed oLrq,a] ftlesa& cqf) o LokLF; lfEefyr gSA tkWu jkWYl
vius fl)kUr dks lEk>kSrkokn ;k lEk>kSrk ds :i esa lEcksf/kr djrk gSA og
blds ,sfrgkfld rRo ykWd :lksa] dk.V esa
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jkWYl ds ojh;rk dk fu;e&
d- LorU=rk dks dsoy LorU=rk ds fy, gh izfrcaf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ftldk rkRi;Z gS LorU=rk ij izfrca/k lekurk ds fy, ugha vkjksfir
fd;k tk;sxkA
[k- jkWYl ds vuqlkj ^U;k;*] dY;k.k o dq”kyrk dh rqyuk esa T;knk
egRoiw.kZ gSA
x- vf/kdkj] HkykbZ ls csgrj gSA
jkWYl vius U;k; fo’k;d vo/kkj.kk ds vUrxZr nks fl)kUrksa dk
izfriknu fd;k gS&
I- izR;sd O;fDr dks lokZf/kd ewy Lora=rk izkIr dk leku vf/kdkj gks vkSj ;g vf/kdkj lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks izkIr gksA
II- lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd lekurk dks bl :i esa O;ofLFkr djsa fd mu nksuksa ls&
v- U;wure lqfo/kk izkIr O;fDr;ksa dks lokZf/kd ykHk izkIr gksA
c- volj dh fu’i{k lekurk ds vUrxZr lHkh ds fy, in
,oa ntsZ [kqys gSaA4
jkWYl ds U;k; dk vk/kkj&
d- csUFke ds mi;ksfxrkokn dk [kaMu& izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, U;k; u fd
vf/kdre O;fDr;ksa dk vf/kdre lq[k] vkn”kZoknh n`f’Vdks.k vkReu
lk/; ls igys ¼eSa½ ¼mn~ns”;½] ¼jkYl½] O;fDr dks izkFkfedrkA
[k- dkUV& O;fDr Lo;a esa lk/; gSA
^jkWYl dk U;k;*] dkUV ds vkn”kZoknh fl)kUrksa ls izHkkfor gS vkSj mlus
dkUV dh bl ekU;rk dks Lohdkj fd;k fd O;fDr Lo;a esa lk/; gSA
blhfy, mlus dgk fd ^vkReu lk/; ls igys gSA* vr% jkWYl ds fy,
izR;sd O;fDr dk egRo leku gS vkSj mlus ^csUFke* ds U;k; ds ewy
vk/kkj dks vLohd`r dj fn;kA ftlesa csUFke us ^vf/kdre O;fDr;ksa ds
vf/kdre lq[k dks gh U;k; dk ewy vk/kkj ekuk FkkA*
jkWYl ds U;k; fuekZ.k dh i)fr&
jkWYl us U;k; fuekZ.k ds fy, ^vKku ds insZ* vkSj ^vkjfEHkd fLFkfr* dh
dYiuk dhA mUgksaus U;k; fl)kUr ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ^lkekftd le>kSrk ds
fl)kUr* dh rduhdh dk iz;ksx fd;kA bl vkjfEHkd fLFkfr esa O;fDr vius
fgrksa ds vuqlkj fu.kZ; djrk gS vkSj mldk ;g iz;Ru gksrk gS fd lekt esa
U;k; ds fu;e dk vk/kkj ,slk gksuk pkfg,] ftlls mldk lokZf/kd ykHk gksA
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 31
^vKku ds insZ* dk vfHkizk; fuEufyf[kr gSA
d- mls viuh fof”k’V {kerkvksa o izfrHkkvksa dk Kku ugha gSA
[k- mls vius Hkfo’; dh fLFkfr dk Hkh irk ugha gSA
mlds vuqlkj ,sls ^vKku ds insZ* ds ihNs O;fDr vius fy, vf/kd ls vf/kd
^izkFkfed oLrqvksa* dh izkfIr dk iz;Ru djsxkA O;fDr;ksa us Lo;a dks ^oafpr
fLFkfr* esa j[kdj le>kSrk fd;kA
ftlds vUrxZr mlus dYiuk dh] fd ;fn og lcls ^U;wure fLFkfr* esa gksxk
rks mls fdruh vf/kd izkFkfed oLrqvksa dh vko”;drk gksxhA blhfy, jkWYl ds
U;k; dks fu;e dks Maxi-Mini Law ¼egkdYifu’B fu;e½ ¼vf/kdre& U;wure
fu;e½ dgk tkrk gSA
jkWYl ds fopkjksa ls Li’V gS fd ^lekt ls ^fo’kerk* iw.kZr% lekIr ugha
gks ldrh gS vkSj u gh mlus bls lekIr djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA* fdUrq mlds
vuqlkj ^^,slh fo’kerk dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk ftlls lekt ds
^U;wure fLFkfr* esa jgus okys yksxksa ds fy, vHkko gksA**
vkykspuk&
leqnk;okfn;ksa us jkWYl dh ^mnkjoknh& O;fDroknh* ekU;rk ij iw.kZ
izgkj fd;k vkSj leqnk;okfn;ksa ds vuqlkj jkWYl ds fopkj =qfViw.kZ gSaA jkWYl ds
^vkRefu/kkZj.k* o ^p;u* dh ekU;rk vrkfdZd gSA D;ksafd mUgksaus U;k; ds
fuekZ.k esa ^lkekftd ifjizs{;* dh iw.kZ vogsyuk dh] ftlesa O;fDr vofLFkr
gksrk gSA
leqnk;okfn;ksa ds vuqlkj ^O;fDr dk thou rHkh lkFkZd gksrk gS tc og
leqnk; dk lnL; gksrk gSAA ^okYtkj* ds vuqlkj ^^mnkjoknh fopkj/kkjk esa
O;fDr ds vf/kdkj o Lora=rk dks vR;f/kd egRo fn;k tkrk gS ,oa mnkjoknh
viuh ekU;rkvksa dk iz;ksx lkoZHkkSfed :i esa djuk pkgrs gSaA** leqnk;okfn;ksa
ds vuqlkj ;g vrkfdZd gS D;ksafd vk/kqfud lekt tfVy gSA lHkh leqnk;ksa
dks lkaLd`frd vfLrRo dk vf/kdkj izkIr gksuk pkfg,A
^izR;sd laLd`fr;ksa ds fy, U;k; ds ekunaM ,d leku ugha gks ldrs gSaA
izR;sd lekt ds vius ekud o ewY; gksrs gSaA* jkWYl ds U;k; esa bl fofo/krk
dks iw.kZr% misf{kr fd;k x;k gS vkSj ^lkekftd lkaLd`frd erSD;* dks iwoZ
ekU;rk ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gSA tcfd O;ogkj esa izR;sd leqnk;
dh i`Fkd lkaLd`frd igpku gksrh gSA
jkWYl us nk”kZfud :i esa ^vkReu dks lk/; ls igys ekuk*] tks ,d
xEHkhj =qfV gSA jkWYl ds fparu esa O;fDr dks ,d v.kq dh Hkkafr Lohdkj fd;k
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 32
x;k gS vkSj O;fDr ds }kjk lekt o U;k; ds fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk] tcfd
leqnk;okfn;ksa ds vuqlkj]
^lkeqnkf;d ewY;ksa* ls gh O;fDr dh igpku gksrh gSA O;fDr lnSo lekt esa
vofLFkr gksrk gSA ^pkYlZ Vsyj* ds vuqlkj ^^O;fDr dks ewY;ksa dh izkfIr leqnk;
ls gksrh gS ,oa leqnk; ds }kjk gh y{;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
^ekbdy lsUMy* ds vuqlkj ^^vkReu dk fu/kkZj.k lk/; ds }kjk gksrk
gSA** vr% U;k; ds fu;eksa dh [kkst leqnk; esa lEHko gSA bldk d`f=e fuekZ.k
djuk lEHko ugha gSA thou esa ge o gekjs mn~ns”; vyx& vyx ugha gksrs]
blfy, lekt esa ge vius mn~ns”;ksa dh [kkst djrs gSaA** leqnk;okfn;ksa ds
vuqlkj ^izkFkfed oLrqvksa ds forj.k ij vR;f/kd cy fn;k x;k*]
leqnk;okfn;ksa ds vuqlkj ^^izR;sd lekt ds fy, oLrqvksa dk leku egRo ugha
gksrk gSA**
lUnHkZ&
1- feJk] jkts”k % ^^jktuhfr foKku ¼,d lexz v/;;u½ ljLorh vkbZ0,0,l0
,e0Vh0,u0,y0 dkWef”kZ;y dkEiysDl] fnYyh ist 18
2- f=ikBh] izks0 ,l0ih0,e0] ^^ledkyhu jktuhfrd fpUru** jkt ifCyds”kUl]
ubZ fnYyh ist 5731
3- tkWu jkWYl] % , F;wjh vkWQ tfLVl] dSfEczt % ekWl] 1971 i`0 140
4- Ø0 ua0 02] ist 578
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 33
REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN PROSTHETICS
& ORTHOTICS FIELD Mr. Girish V Gupta
1, Mr. Mohit Gupta
2
Summary:
Background: Prosthetics & Orthotics journal provides information on new devices,
fitting and fabrication techniques, and patient management experiences. The
multidisciplinary approach focuses on prosthetics and orthotics, with timely reports
from related fields such as orthopaedic research, occupational therapy, physical
therapy, orthopaedic surgery, amputation surgery, physical medicine, biomedical
engineering, psychology, ethics, and gait analysis.
Aim:
The mission of the Journal in Prosthetics & Orthotics is to promote, enhance and disseminate uncovered scientific article information and technical
advances in prosthetics and orthotics.
Method:We have reviewed 690 article in prosthetics, 356 article in orthotics and 85
other article (Hearing, Speech, Orthopaedic disease) but major research performed
over lower extremity prosthesis, lower extremity Orthosis, upper extremity
prosthesis and less topic covered over biomechanics, Higher level amputee,
wheelchair modification for sports in person with disable, upper extremity orthosis
and different materials importance.
Results:Every practitioner who performs a clinical investigation, such as an analysis
of patients treated with a specific device, or a trial on the treatment of prosthesis and
orthosis, will be contributing to the sum of knowledge in our profession.Clinical
research employs one or more intervention techniques. An intervention technique in
O&P might be the evaluation of a new thought to be more effective.
Discussion & Conclusion : Participating in new clinical research will make you a
better Orthotist and Prosthetist. Clinical researches provides knowledge of new
technology and improve different equipment used for data collection and analysis
with the collaboration of other professional.
Key Word: Journals Data, Library reference
1 & 2. P and O Department, PDUIPH, New Delhi.
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 34
Introduction:The purpose of this review of journal analysis was to describe trends
in publication of the Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics (JPO),International Society
for Prosthetics and Orthotics journal (ISPO), Journal of O & P world over the past
years. We focused on publication patterns in the areas of article type, subject
demographics, study details, component/intervention type, funding, and author
training. The multidisciplinary approach focuses on prosthetics and orthotics, with
timely reports from related fields such as orthopaedic research, occupational therapy,
physical therapy, orthopaedic surgery, amputation surgery, biomedical engineering,
psychology, ethics, and gait analysis. Each issue contains research-based articles
reviewed and approved by a highly qualified editorial board.
Aim:
The mission of the Journals in Prosthetics and Orthotics is to promote, enhance and disseminate uncovered scientific article information and
technical advances in prosthetics and orthotics.
To achieve different article information, tools and equipment for research or data analysis.
Method: All articles published in Orthotics & Prosthetics (O&P) World, Journal of
Prosthetics & Orthotics (JPO) & International Society of Prosthetics & Orthotics
(ISPO) from January 1977 to December 2016were included in the review; editorials
written by the journal editor, as well as letters to the editor, were excluded.
Six main domains were chosen: Article Listing Description, Article Type, Subject
Demographics, Study Details, Funding, and Author Training. Each domain was then
broken down into su
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