powerpoint presentation · 2014. 3. 31. · by british at el alamein hitler sends erwin rommel to...
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1936-1939: Spanish Civil War
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“Lightning War”
Motorized and coordinated front
Highly mobile
Quick, decisive battles
“New type of war”
Goal: Win before the enemy even mobilizes
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“the whole root, the core, and brain of the British Army”
Soldiers cut off after Nazis take France
338,226 soldiers in nine days
“We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” -Churchill
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1941-1945
Straddling the line of isolation and intervention
$50.1 billion ($650 billion today) to UK, France, USSR
"I don't say, 'Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it’. I don't want $15 — I want my garden hose back after the fire is over.“ -FDR
By 1944, ¼ of British munitions come through Lend-Lease
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Nazi “collaborationist” government
Led by Philippe Pétain
"Whatever happens, the flame of the French resistance must not be extinguished and will not be extinguished. Tomorrow, as today, I will speak on the radio from London.” –Chas. De Gaulle
Legitimacy constantly challenged from abroad
Established by armistice
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Fought entirely by air
Luftwaffe first attacks RAF bases; ends up running terror bombing raids
"Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” –Churchill
Operation Sea Lion is DOA
Summer, fall of 1940
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Pearl Harbor
Why here?
Why December 7, 1941?
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1931: Japan invades Manchuria
1940: FDR moves US Naval fleet from San Diego to Pearl Harbor
1940-41: Lend-Lease vs. Tripartite Pact
1941: Oil embargo against Japan
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WWII in Europe, Africa
Backstory: Late 1940
Suez Canal is key Allied trade route
Italy attacks Egypt
British Army successfully defends
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WWII in Europe, Africa
Late 1941
• Attack of Japan must wait; focus on Germany
• FDR, Churchill meet in Washington, DC
January 1942
• USSR, China agree to join Allies, not make separate peace with Axis
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WWII in Europe, Africa
Summer 1942
“The Desert Fox” stopped by British at El Alamein
Hitler sends Erwin Rommel to Egypt
Rommel
U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower lands west of German troops
Surrounded, Rommel surrenders in early 1943
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With North Africa in hand, Allies can attack the “soft underbelly” of the Axis: Italy
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WWII in Europe, Africa
July 1943
Allies land in Sicily, quickly take the island
By September, Allied boots are on Italian soil
Italians overthrow Mussolini, who goes into hiding
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WWII in Europe, Africa
Early 1943
Stalingrad, under siege for four months, liberated by Allies in January
• Axis lost 200,000 men
Loss of Stalingrad meant Hitler’s invasion of USSR had failed
Final blow to Axis attack of USSR…
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Battle of Kursk July 1943
Huge, 16-day tank battle in the Ukraine countryside
After Kursk, Axis begins a long retreat
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WWII in Europe, Africa
Late 1943
Eisenhower put in charge of Operation Overlord
Time is right, Allies agree, to invade German-occupied France
The plan: Massive invasion of NW France
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May-June 1942
Ships 200 miles apart, engage via aircraft
Coral Sea: Aircraft carrier vs. aircraft carrier
Midway: Decisive battle in Pacific theater
4 (of 4) Japanese carriers sunk 1 (of 1) cruiser sunk 248 (of 248) carrier aircraft destroyed
Crushing defeat of Japanese Navy
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Aug. 1942 – Feb. 1943
First major, coordinated Allied offensive vs. Japan
Pre-empt Japanese airbase construction
“Operation Watchtower”
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Mid-1943
MacArthur’s plan in the Pacific
Skip heavily-defended islands
“Operation Cartwheel”
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D-Day refers to the Allied invasion of German-occupied France during WWII.
It was the greatest land-and-sea operation in history.
D-Day June 6, 1944
http://_vti_bin/shtml.exe/privateryan/index.html/map
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1942: Nearly all of Europe – from Russia to Spain – was occupied by The Nazis.
Great Britain stood alone.
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• Commander: Dwight Eisenhower
• Allied forces decided to invade Normandy
• The logical option, Calais, was highly secured by German troops
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Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines.
1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.
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A little after daybreak, 4,000 transports, 800 warships, and an unknown number of smaller boats arrived at the beaches of Normandy with the US and British armies.
http://normandy.eb.com/normandy/photos/onasuex001p1.html
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The Allies invaded five beaches:
Utah Omaha Gold Juno Sword
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• Omaha Beach was the biggest challenge
• Two American divisions were sent to Omaha
• 2,400 casualties at Omaha on June 6 alone
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Defending Omaha Beach:
• Eight concrete bunkers
• 35 pillboxes
• Four artillery batteries
• 18 anti-tank guns
• 35 rocket launching sites
• 85+ machine gun nests
• Countless Germans with sidearms
http://normandy.eb.com/normandy/photos/oomahaa002p1.html
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Hitler’s hidden cruelty: The Atlantic Wall
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Germans expected an attack on Calais
When Normandy was invaded, it was too late for the Germans to shift focus
Within days, allied forces had control of France
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August 1944
Key aid from French resistance, Charles de Gaulle
Folding of Vichy France
Headed by General George Patton
AMGOT vs. de Gaulle
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Yalta Conference
February 4, 1945
• Attended by Churchill, FDR, Stalin
FDR: Wanted Soviet support in attacking Japan in the Pacific
Churchill: Pressed USSR to install free elections in Poland, Eastern Europe
• Each premier has own agenda
Stalin: Wanted Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
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Yalta Conference
Would Stalin join war vs. Japan?
Postwar peacekeeping organization?
What should be done with postwar Germany and Poland?
Yes. After Germany surrenders.
United Nations formed in June, 1945
Poland: Independent, “free” elections, and Germany…
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April 16 - May 2,1945
Stalin: Berlin has resources, symbolism
Hitler takes his own life, April 30
Soviet Red Army storms the city from the east
V-E Day: May 8, 1945
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Potsdam Conference Roosevelt dies in April, 1945
Germany surrenders in May
July 1945: Truman, Stalin, Clement Attlee head to Potsdam, Brandenburg
Postwar plans:
Germany would be split into four occupied zones
Berlin itself would also be split into four zones
Terms of Japanese surrender…
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Potsdam Conference
"We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now
the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces,
and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their
good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is
prompt and utter destruction."
-Potsdam Declaration
July 26, 1945
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Trinity test bomb July 16, 1945
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WAL-MART
HOME DEPOT
GIANT EAGLE BEAVER
COUNTY AIRPORT
BHS
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ONE-MEGATON
NUCLEAR AIRBURST
TWO-MILE RADIUS
• All people killed
• All buildings destroyed
• Winds reach 470 MPH
• Point of impact: 50 million degree fireball
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ONE-MEGATON
NUCLEAR AIRBURST
THREE-MILE RADIUS
• Nearly all people killed from burns
• All people outdoors are blinded
• All houses destroyed
• All larger buildings damaged or destroyed
• Winds reach 290 MPH
• “Cools” to 11 million degrees
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ONE-MEGATON
NUCLEAR AIRBURST
FOUR-MILE RADIUS
• Many dead from radiation
• 5% dead from pressure
• 45% injured from pressure
• All outdoors blinded
• Most buildings damaged
• Pressure will rupture most eardrums
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Japanese victim of Hiroshima blast
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ONE-MEGATON
NUCLEAR AIRBURST
FIVE-MILE RADIUS
• Most people severely burned
• All outdoors blinded
• All trees blown down
• Winds reach 95 MPH
• Most houses severely damaged
• All buildings damaged
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Shippingport Power Plant: roughly 9.75 miles from BHS
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Nagasaki
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ONE-MEGATON
NUCLEAR AIRBURST
30-MILE RADIUS
• Blast will appear far brighter than the sun
• More than a lethal dose of radiation
• Ten years will pass before inhabitable again
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A radioactivity distribution model
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Hiroshima August 6, 1945
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Nagasaki August 9, 1945
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V-J Day: September 2, 1945
Allies (mainly U.S.) would occupy Japan until 1952
New constitution supervised by Allies
Terms outlined at Potsdam Conference
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