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The DIAMOND Performance Indicators: Guidelines for delivering gender balance in the transport sector
TDM Symposium – Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
Sara Poveda-Reyes. AITEC
spoveda@aitec-intl.com
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
INDEX
1
2
3
4
5
Introduction
Objective
Methodology
Performance indicators
Conclusions
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INTRODUCTION
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction
Women vs Men in transport sector
https://transportnsw.info/travel-info/using-public-transport/travelling-with-prams-young-children
§ Higher % has to balance productive work with
domestic chores and child care.
§ Higher % with part time job (EU-28 26.5% women,
8% men in 2018, OECD Data).
§ Lower average wage. Gender pay gap1 EU-28= 16%
Gender particularities: Mobility restrictions and social and
economic exclusion of women.
1Difference between average gross hourly earnings of male and female employees as % of male gross earnings
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Public transport
https://www.itf-oecd.org/womens-safety-security
§ More than 50% of the world’s population live in cities and public transport is an essential public service serving millionsof people.
§ Public transport facilitates access to employment, education and other public services.
§ 2/3 of passengers on public transport networks are women.
§ Railway stations and connexion corridors to subway, bus etc. canbe a high cause of anxiety related to safety perception, and lack ofcomfort and accessibility.
§ Surveys: most women feel exposed to physical or verbalaggression, sexual harassment and other forms of violence orunwelcome behavior, leading to personal stress and physical harm.
Making it hard to be mobile reinforces inequality.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Vehicle sharing
• Vehicle sharing as intermediate mode of transport (electric cars, rickshaws, bicycles, mopeds, scooter, etc.) is a“alternative” to public transport.
• Men cycle three times as much as women and travel more than four times as far.
• Bike sharing systems used nowadays can be using pick up points or docks, or dockless bicycle systems.
• In general, European women are slightly more aware of environmental concerns than men.
• Comparing female and male car sharers, female early adopters used battery electric vehicles (BEVs) more often thanvehicles with an internal combustion engine and evaluate handling BEVs more positive1.
• Car sharing:The accessibility to driving a car when needed sometimes helps overcome the income gap.
1Kawgan-Kagan, I. (2015). Early adopters of carsharing with and without BEVs with respect to gender preferences. European Transport Research Review, 7, 33. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-015-0183-3
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ 1888: Bertha Benz - first long-distance drive (120 mile road trip) with an automobile prototype of Karl Benz.
§ 1905: Dorothy Levitt´s – two-day drive from London to Liverpool and back. Foremother of the fixed rearviewmirror.
§ Olive Dennis (1885 -1957) was the first Engineer woman who introduced some innovations in the railways:
o Reclinable seats.o Stain resistant fabric.o Dressing rooms for women.o Free papers towels.o Liquid Soaps in toilets.o Pretty drinking cups.o Lights with variable intensity at night.o Air conditioned compartments.o Individual windows.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ 1955:“Damsels of Design“ – General Motors.
(Left image, 6 “Damsels of design”, from left: Suzanne Vanderbilt,Ruth Glennie, Marjorie Ford Pohlman, Harley Earl, JeanetteLinder, Sandra Logyear, Peggy Sauer.)
( General Motors Design Archive & Special Collections )
https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/gms-all-female-design-team
For all of the horror that emerged from the SecondWorld War, there were some bright spots: With the menout fighting, women were brought into the workplace.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
o The Carousel's child-friendly backseat included:storage for toys, a magnetic game board and child-proof latches that could be controlled from the dashboard. o Umbrella
compartment
o Picnic compartment
(General Motors Design Archive & Special Collections)
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ Introduced some of the first safety latches that could be controlled on the dashboard for children in theback seat.
§ In the Corvette introduced the first retractable seatbelt.
§ Glove compartments.
§ Light up mirrors.
“The Damsels” were thinking more “holistically” about automobiles and the different ways that a car would actually be used in the real world.
“The Damsels of Design” seem themselves as designers of both men and women, as designers for everybody.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ But “The Damsels” weren’t the only women in the design field at the time. There were a lot ofwomen in America and Europe who were designing and kind of flying under the radarbecause i) they weren’t taken seriously, or ii) they were working with their husbands and they were kindof in their shadow at the time.
In 1958, Harley Earl (the man who introduced “The Damsels”) retired and in 1960 they were gone from GM.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ 1955: La Femme car.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
§ 2016: DS 3 Givenchy Le Makeup Limited Edition
https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristintablang/2016/05/20/givenchy-le-makeup-limited-edition-ds-automobiles-citroen-luxury-cars/#6f86291d512b
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/cosmopolitan-seat-car/index.html
§ 2016: SEAT Mii (SEAT+Cosmopolitan)
o Jewel-effect rims.
o Handbag hook.
o Eyeliner headlights
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-business/10831552/Why-car-makers-might-actually-start-designing-vehicle-interiors-that-women-would-die-for.-Finally.html
Women don´t want pink, girlie cars. Design considering women needs goes beyond this!!
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. History of women in vehicle design
(Volvo YCC) https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/43jvvb/cars-for-women-design-history-volvo
Hans-Olov Olsson, Volvo’s former president and CEO: “If you meet the expectations of women, you will exceed the expectations of men.”
§ 2004: VolvoYCC.A car designed by women for everyone.
§ They held workshops with women of the company andcollected Market Insights.
§ Concluded:
o Women wanted everything a man wants and more.
o Additional needs: better visibility, practical storage, parking assistance, and smoother ingress and egress.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Vehicle design
E.g. Need for making automotive Electronic
Control Units (ECUS) intelligent, i.e. recognizing
gender, age of the driver and adapting electronic
functionalities and vehicle dynamics to the
individual.
§Autonomous vehicles design – gender differences:
It has been demonstrated that human dynamics and sense of comfort and safety are different according to gender1.
1. Crabtree, S., Nsubuga, F. (2012). Women Feel Less Safe Than Men in Many Developed Countries. In Exploring gender inequality worldwide. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/155402/women-feel-less-safe-men-developed-countries.aspx
https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2019/02/chinas-race-develop-autonomous-vehicle/
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
§ Women 51% of Europe´s population.
§ 46% of the workforce.
§ 54% of higher education enrolment.
§ But women comprise only 22% of those employed bythe transport industry.
§ In Europe, only 10% of bus drivers are women
https://www.iru.org/resources/newsroom/iru-backs-more-women-transport
(Eurostat, 2019)
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
Percentage of workers women vs. men on Network Rail, the Office of Rail and Road, and Department
for Transport in UK in 2015.
Percentage of women workers in the different areas of train operating companies.
Woman in rail: Industry Survey. (2015). Rail Supply Group. https://womeninrail.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/WR-Industry-Survey-Report-December-2015.pdf.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
People employed in the transport and storage sector in the EU in the last ten years
% of women employment on traveller’s transport systems in Spain in 20061
1INE. (2018). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Ocupados según rama de actividad y periodo. http://www.ine.es
(Eurostat, 2019)
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
A) Women employment rate in different transport sectors.
(Data from Spain, INE 2006.)
B) % of the women employment on freight haulage on different transport areas.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
Port sector
(…) None of the ports included in the survey presents a proportion of women over 10%, the average being around 3%. The survey also showed that most of the employers answering the questionnaire have not put in place any system to attract more women in the sector*.
* answers from 14 EU member states for a total of 42 ports. See EU SECTORAL SOCIAL DIALOGUE ON PORTS - Recommendations on Women’s Employment in the Port Sector. FEPORT, ESPO, ETF and IDC. October 2014.https://www.feport.eu/images/downloads/Recommendations%20on%20Women's%20Employment%20in%20the%20Port%20Sector.pdf
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction. Women as jobholders
https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/female-car-designers/index.html
§ Steward Reed head of the transportation department at Art Center College of Design in Pasadena,California said:
Vehicle design
§ Majority of vehicle exterior jobs go to men.
§ The vast majority of female car designers are employed doing decorating-type jobs (e.g. exterior colors,fabrics, interiors).
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction
§ Three faces of the gender-transport relation:
o As users of transport infrastructures.
o As users of public and private vehicles.
o As jobholders.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
1. Introduction
§Which factors have to be considered for the evaluation of women inclusion in differenttransport scenarios?
§Which measures can be taken to increase women participation in a fair way?
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OBJECTIVES
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
2. Objective
§DIAMOND project is a H2020 EU project which aim is:
Assessing and boosting fair women´s inclusion to improve gender balance in the transport sector through the development of a
methodology based on the collection, analysis of disaggregated data, the evaluation of specific measures, and the development of a toolbox.
§Sub-objective:
To define a methodology to develop performance indicators, including use case goals and fairness characteristics, for different
transport scenarios:1. Railway public transport infrastructure.2. Autonomous vehicles.3. Vehicle sharing.4. Women employment.
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METHODOLOGY
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. Methodology
§The Inclusion DIAMOND: people-transport system relation representation
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. MethodologyTransport system representation (DIAMOND)
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. Methodology
Use Case 1Stations
Use Case 2 Autonomous
vehiclesUse Case 3
Vehicle sharingUse Case 4
Employment and CSR protocols
Gender Woman Man, Woman Woman Man, Woman
Age All 18-40, >40 All Working age
Ethnicity Not applicable1 Not applicable1 Not applicable1 Not applicable1
Religion All All All All
Education All All All All
Family All All All All
Disability All2 All2 All2 All2
Economiclevel All All All All
The Polyhedral Individual
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. MethodologyMethodology to define performance indicators (UCG, FC) and fairness measures
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. MethodologyMethodology to define performance indicators - FC
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
3. Methodology
§The definition of indicators is very important since at the end measures should besupported by evidences.
§The gathering of data, analysis and quantification allows highlighting key issues and thedevelopment of more effective fairness measures and planning to achieve gender equalitygoals without creating adverse impacts on women and men.
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PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators
Use case definition
Use case Theme Aim
1 Railway stations Improvement of public railway stations from a gender perspective.
2 Autonomous vehicles Develop autonomous vehicles more adapted to women needs and emotions.
3 Vehicle sharing (bikes) Understanding women´s needs in the planning of pickup-return points.
4 Employment Understanding women´s needs in the participation in job positions in railway, freight and logistic sectors. CSR protocols.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators
Use case goalsKey performance indicators for the evaluation of the inclusiveness of women in each use case.
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators
Fairness characteristics – Use case 1
Accessibility of the service
Service availability & efficiency
Travel & wayfindinginformation provision
Ticketing options & fares
Travel purpose
Infrastructure design
Universal design
Cleanliness & maintenance
Safety & security
Harassment & pickpocketing
Overcrowding & emergency situations
Use Case I
Furniture & facilities
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators
Fairness characteristics – Use case 2
Safety & Security
Accident rate
Human errors
Training
Traffic management
Comfort
Trust in technology
Simultaneity
Mobility
Traffic efficiency
Travel time
Congestion
Accessibility
Economy
Monetarycosts
Non-monetary
costs
Vehicle efficiency
Environment
Noise
Emissions
Public Health
Design options
Infrastructure
Vehicle shape
Vehicle behaviour
HMI (Human Machine Interface)
Use Case II
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators
Fairness characteristics –
Use case 3
Accessibility & Spontainety
Membership costs
Spontaneity of accessing bike/dock
Proximity docking stations
Insufficentinfrastructure
Safety & Security
Traffic safety
Separate infrastructure
Social constraints
Socio-cultural constraints (negative)
Subjective norm (peer influence)
Family responsibilities
Weather & Topography
Topography
Weather
Use Case III
Sign-up & booking
processes
Travelling with kids/carrying
things
Public awareness
Convenient stations
Personal safety
Safe environment
Harassment
Drivers behaviour
Confidence/experience
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
4. Performance indicators
Fairness characteristics – Use case 4
Socio-economic conditions
Job segregation (men´s jobs vswomen´s jobs)
Demand factors (vacancies & recruitment)
Policy/legal
Female facilities (PPE toilets and showers, etc.)
Job characteristics
HR policies (recruitment,
retention, promotion)
Terms & conditions (pay working hours,
facilities, etc.)
Personal circumstances
Caring/parenting responsibilities)
Economic deprivation (living area, social
network, etc.)
Residential Location/ work distance
Individual characteristics
Skills
Adaptability-attitudes to workand travel to work
Use Case IV
Flexible working (part-time, home working,
etc)
Training provision
Safety & security
Negative attitude of male colleagues
Transport access to workplace
Educationallevel/attainment
Health status & Wellbeing(disability)
Demographic (age, ethnicity, etc.)
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CONCLUSIONS
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TDM Symposium - Edinburgh, 19th - 21st June 2019
5. Conclusions
• Economic gap and social inequalities between men and women has been highlighted in many
studies.
• Studies show gender differences when using public transport or driving an owned vehicle.
• The transport sector is one of the sectors in which the employment of women is lower.
• DIAMOND methodology has been developed with the aim of defining a procedure for the definition
of performance indicators, use case goals and fairness characteristics, for different transport scenarios
within the ID representation.
• Further steps: data collection, interdisciplinary analysis (e.g. machine learning, AHP, Bayesian networks).
https://diamond-project.eu/
Thank you!
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