post world war europe - marshall plan (1948-51; $13 billion spent on rebuilding europe) u.s. –...
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Post World War
Europe - Marshall Plan(1948-51; $13 Billion spent on
rebuilding Europe) U.S. – Baby boom
(1946-64, 78.3 million babies born)
Germany – Nuremberg Trials (Nov 1945-Oct 46; 24 Nazi leaders tried for various crimes)
NurembergTrials
Charges at the trial
The indictments were for: Participation in a common plan or
conspiracy for the accomplishment of a crime against peace
Planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crimes against peace
War crimes Crimes against humanity
Alfred Jodl -
Americans, British, French and Soviet soldiers did not face any sort of charges like Nazi leaders did for war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity
Post War Europe
Human Toll
Russian losses: 20,000,000 soldiers dead 25,000,000 homeless, jobless,
wandering
US 405,000 soldiers dead
Berlin and Germany divided into four sections in order to rebuild it following the war and De-nazify it.
Other nations are retained by the Soviet Union (Poland, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia)
Vocab
Containment = restricting Communism to its current borders
Truman Doctrine = Help anyone (with $$$ or forces) to repel communist advances
USSR = Soviet Union (aka Russia; aka Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Berlin Airlifts
June 1948 – May 1949
Berlin Airlifts
Disagreements led the USSR shutting access to West Berlin from the West in hopes of taking it.
11 months of pilots flying in thousands of pounds supplies, food and medicine united the world against the Soviet Union
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
An attack on one country will be considered an attack on all.
-Harry Truman
Warsaw Pact
Formed in 1955 in response to West Germany being admitted to NATO
Adds military support to economic comradely
Members:Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East German, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union
Communist revolution in China (1949)
Identity Crisis
Mao Zedong (or Chairman Mao) united his people after a long civil war + WWII time out.
Nationalist gov’t was seen as weak and corrupt; yet the U.S. involved itself to enforce Truman Doctrine
Since Stalin and Mao didn’t trust each other, Truman may had allied with China, if not for backing a loser. (Jiang Jieshi)
Jiang Jieshi = Chiang Kai-shek (they’re the same… don’t ask me how.)
Military leader Political leader Dictator of Taiwan after
exile
Korea
Territory of Japan until post-WWII Divided in half [at the 38 parallel] for
the US and USSR to rebuild and later reunify
North made a communist gov’t; South made a democratic/capitalistic one
N. Korea will invade the South and provoke war
1950-51 UN Supreme Commander for Korea Questioned the strategy of the
president Was fired in 1951 Died in 1964, with full state honors
Letter of complaint
It seems strangely difficult for some to realize that here in Asia is where the Communist conspirators have elected to make their play for global conquest, and that we have joined the issue thus raised on the battlefield; that here we fight Europe's war with arms while the diplomats there still fight it with words; that if we lose the war to communism in Asia the fall of Europe is inevitable, win it and Europe most probably would avoid war and yet preserve freedom. As you pointed out, we must win. There is no substitute for victory.
General Stanley McChrystal
Resigned in 2010 for criticizing the Administration (Biden, others) in Rolling Stone Magazine “The Runaway General”
McCarthyism
Following the embarrassment with China, Americans are fearing communism.
The use of tactics involving personal attacks on individuals by means of widely
publicized indiscriminate allegations especially on the basis of unsubstantiated
charges. - http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mccarthyism
Joseph McCarthy
McCarthyism: the Red Scare
Many people lost their jobs, comparable to witch hunts
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Hearings
The Rosenbergs Soviet spies, traitors Gave secrets of the Atomic
bombs to the USSR Executed June 1953
Harry Truman
Atomic Bomb Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine United Nations Fair Deal Israel Korea
Dwight “IKE” Eisenhower
End Korean War Domino Theory CIA Operation to help
French in Vietnam
ELECTION OF 1960: KENNEDY VS. NIXON
First Televised Debates
Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Space Race Peace Corps
Berlin Crisis, 1961 (4 June – 9 November 1961)
In November 1958, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev issued an ultimatum giving the Western powers six months to agree to withdraw from Berlin and make it a free, demilitarized city.
West refuses
• August 12-13, 1961 East Berlin’s boarders are sealed
• 97 miles of barbed wire• Improved wire fence (1962–1965)• Concrete wall (1965–1975)• Grenzmauer 75 (Border Wall 75) (1975–
1989)• 32,000 combat engineers build The Wall• Sealing in East German citizens
1989
•DOMESTIC POLICY: KENNEDY’S NEW FRONTIER (1961-1963)
Emphasis on Technology, Science, and Social Relations
Space Exploration
April 12 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
First man in space U.S.S.R. Americans feared the USSR was
ahead of the US in the production of missiles
First AmericanAlan Shepard May 5, 1961
July 20, 1969
But just ten years later
First man on Moon Neil Armstrong Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin JFK will not live to see his dream
succeed
U.S.A.
FOREIGN POLICY
Bay of Pigs (1961) Cuban exiles return to overthrow
Castro With the backing of Kennedy Kennedy promises US air support
Kennedy abandons Cubans on the beach Will not send airstrikes
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) October 14–28, 1962 For thirteen days the world stood at
the brink of nuclear war. Castro afraid US would invade again USSR wanted to counter American
lead in ballistic missiles (US 298 ICBM vs USSR estimate 75.
USSR did have 700 medium range missles)
Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba.
The first consignment of R-12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8, followed by a second on September 16
Unconfirmed rumors started coming to US
Oct 14 U-2 airplane photographs missile sites
US imposes blockade around Cuba 2 countries play chicken
USSR blinks
Kennedy Assassination
Dallas, TX – Nov 22, 1963 On the way to a meeting, group took
a parade route for maximum exposure to the public
Wife Jackie and others are in the car when he is shot dead
Warren Commission Conspiracy Theories
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