population growth and urbanization chapter 12 population growth and urbanization
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Myth or Fact?Myth or Fact? The most important factor The most important factor
in controlling world in controlling world population growth is population growth is technology, especially technology, especially contraception.contraception.
U.S. cities are segregated U.S. cities are segregated because whites and non-because whites and non-whites don’t want to live in whites don’t want to live in the same neighborhoods.the same neighborhoods.
The U.S. achieved zero The U.S. achieved zero population growth when population growth when the birthrate dropped the birthrate dropped below replacement rate in below replacement rate in the 1970s.the 1970s.
Suburban growth in the Suburban growth in the U.S. began because U.S. began because people wanted larger people wanted larger homes and more land.homes and more land.
Myth Myth
Studying PopulationStudying Population
PopulationPopulation Total # of people inhabiting a particular Total # of people inhabiting a particular
geographic area at a specific timegeographic area at a specific time
DemographyDemography Study of the size, composition and Study of the size, composition and
distribution of human populationsdistribution of human populations Change over timeChange over time
U.S. CensusU.S. Census Since 1790Since 1790
Mailed for first time in 1960Mailed for first time in 1960
Elements of Demographic ChangeElements of Demographic Change
Fertility Fertility Crude birth rate—the # of live births in year per 1,000 Crude birth rate—the # of live births in year per 1,000 FecundityFecundity—biological max # of children a woman could bear—biological max # of children a woman could bear
Mortality Mortality Crude death rate—total # of deaths a year per 1,000Crude death rate—total # of deaths a year per 1,000 Infant mortalityInfant mortality—rate of death among infants under 1 year—rate of death among infants under 1 year
Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy Average # of years people expected to liveAverage # of years people expected to live Longevity—life spanLongevity—life span
Rate of natural increaseRate of natural increase The difference between crude birth and death ratesThe difference between crude birth and death rates
Migration Migration Permanent change of residencePermanent change of residence
Immigration—movement into a countryImmigration—movement into a country Emigration—movement out of a countryEmigration—movement out of a country
World Population TrendsWorld Population Trends Demographic transition Demographic transition
Change in patterns of birth and death rates Change in patterns of birth and death rates Due to Industrialization Due to Industrialization
Demographic gapDemographic gap Gap between high birth rates and low death Gap between high birth rates and low death
ratesrates
Carrying capacityCarrying capacity The upper limit imposed on a population by its The upper limit imposed on a population by its
resourcesresources Cannot exceedCannot exceed
Four Stages Four Stages of Demographic Transitionof Demographic Transition
Postindustrial StageLow Birth Rates
and Low Death Rates
Industrial StageDeclining Death Rates and
Declining Birth Rates
Early Industrial StageHigh Birth Rates and Declining Death Rates
Preindustrial StageHigh Birth Rates and
High Death Rates
““NOVA—NOVA—World in the Balance: The World in the Balance: The
Population Paradox” Population Paradox”
Video Presentation:Video Presentation:
Perspectives on Population GrowthPerspectives on Population Growth FunctionalismFunctionalism
Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus Population boom in Europe—Industrial RevolutionPopulation boom in Europe—Industrial Revolution
The Malthusian TheoremThe Malthusian Theorem Food production growth: additiveFood production growth: additive Population growth: exponentialPopulation growth: exponential
Focus on exhaustion of resourcesFocus on exhaustion of resources Conflict TheoryConflict Theory
Focus on inequitable distribution of resourcesFocus on inequitable distribution of resources Rather than lackRather than lack
Artificial limits benefit someArtificial limits benefit some InteractionismInteractionism
FocusFocus on subjective experienceon subjective experience Definition of what is desirable or essentialDefinition of what is desirable or essential
Population GrowthPopulation Growth
Consequences:Consequences:
CrowdingCrowding Related to other social Related to other social
problemsproblems Poverty, violence, crimePoverty, violence, crime
Food shortagesFood shortages Focus on yield increasesFocus on yield increases
Biotechnology and genetic Biotechnology and genetic modificationmodification
Depletion of resourcesDepletion of resources Shortages of fossil fuelsShortages of fossil fuels
Inter-group conflictInter-group conflict Compete for resourcesCompete for resources
Future Prospects:Future Prospects:
Zero Population GrowthZero Population Growth Produce no natural Produce no natural
increaseincrease Family PlanningFamily Planning
Programs to change Programs to change cultural valuescultural values
Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development Urbanization, rising Urbanization, rising
standards of livingstandards of living IncentivesIncentives
Tax breaks, trust fundsTax breaks, trust funds Status of WomenStatus of Women
Equality through Equality through education, jobs, voteeducation, jobs, vote
CitiesCitiesHistoryHistory
Humans form Humans form communitiescommunities Groups who share:Groups who share:
Common territoryCommon territory Identity or belongingIdentity or belonging InteractionInteraction
Cities:Cities: Large, permanentLarge, permanent Rely on outside areas for foodRely on outside areas for food
Urbanization:Urbanization: Cities grow more urbanCities grow more urban
Industrialization (18Industrialization (18thth—19—19thth century)century)
Change in the U.S.Change in the U.S. 1800: ~ 6% lived in cities1800: ~ 6% lived in cities 2000: ~ 80% lived in cities2000: ~ 80% lived in cities
GrowthGrowth Suburbs:Suburbs:
City outskirts City outskirts Less density Less density Mostly residentialMostly residential
Suburbanization:Suburbanization: Government programs Government programs
(1930s)(1930s) Federal Housing Federal Housing
Administration (FHA)Administration (FHA) Veteran’s Administration Veteran’s Administration
(VA)(VA) Economy and technology Economy and technology
(1940s-50s) (1940s-50s) Change in U.S.Change in U.S.
1970: 75% of residents both 1970: 75% of residents both live and work in suburbslive and work in suburbs
2000: 60% of urban 2000: 60% of urban population lives in suburbspopulation lives in suburbs
Urban Density in the U.S. (2009)Urban Density in the U.S. (2009) Population per square milePopulation per square mile
U.S. average: 80U.S. average: 80 California average: 270California average: 270
Urban densityUrban density Minneapolis: 1,800 Minneapolis: 1,800 Portland: 3,000 Portland: 3,000 Los Angeles: 8,000Los Angeles: 8,000 Philadelphia: 11,000Philadelphia: 11,000 Chicago: 14,000Chicago: 14,000 San Francisco: 16,000San Francisco: 16,000 Isla Vista: 18,000 (per ½ sq. mile)Isla Vista: 18,000 (per ½ sq. mile) New York City: 27,000 (Manhattan: 67,000)New York City: 27,000 (Manhattan: 67,000)
““NOVA—NOVA—World in the Balance: World in the Balance:
China Revs Up” China Revs Up”
Video Presentation:Video Presentation:
Problems in U. S. CitiesProblems in U. S. Cities Economic DeclineEconomic Decline
Flight of people and jobsFlight of people and jobs NE and MidwestNE and Midwest
HousingHousing Deterioration and abandonment of neighborhoodsDeterioration and abandonment of neighborhoods Lack of affordable housingLack of affordable housing
SegregationSegregation GhettoGhetto
Neighborhood inhabited largely by single ethnic or racial groupNeighborhood inhabited largely by single ethnic or racial group Exacerbates poverty, racial tensionsExacerbates poverty, racial tensions
CrimeCrime Larger city, higher crime rateLarger city, higher crime rate
More in inner-citiesMore in inner-cities Public EducationPublic Education
Poor communities cannot afford expenses Poor communities cannot afford expenses
Perspectives on UrbanizationPerspectives on Urbanization FunctionalismFunctionalism
Urban conditions become social problemsUrban conditions become social problems When they become dysfunctional When they become dysfunctional When they lead to social disorganization When they lead to social disorganization
Conflict TheoryConflict Theory Urban conditions become social problemsUrban conditions become social problems
Due to social inequalityDue to social inequality Inner-city residents have little economic and political Inner-city residents have little economic and political
power power
InteractionismInteractionism Urban conditions become social problemsUrban conditions become social problems
When defined subjectivelyWhen defined subjectively Urban conditions “worsened” in 1980s-90sUrban conditions “worsened” in 1980s-90s
Future Prospects: Urban ProblemsFuture Prospects: Urban Problems Federal Grants and ProgramsFederal Grants and Programs
Urban renewalUrban renewal RebuildRebuild Provide low-cost housingProvide low-cost housing Stimulate investment Stimulate investment
Private InvestmentPrivate Investment Make cities better places to liveMake cities better places to live
““Enterprise zones”Enterprise zones”
Community DevelopmentCommunity Development Join private and public stakeholdersJoin private and public stakeholders
Resettlement of CitiesResettlement of Cities Encourage returnEncourage return
““Urban homesteading”Urban homesteading” ““Gentrification”Gentrification”
Regional Planning and CooperationRegional Planning and Cooperation Benefit from regional decision makingBenefit from regional decision making
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