population ap human geography mr. jones. demography demography: the study of population why do we...

PopulationAP Human Geography

Mr. Jones

Demography• Demography: the study of population• Why do we study population?

o Trendso Find out what is changingo Make predictions

• Demographics: population characteristics of a particular area

World Population

Most/Least Populated• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIZWX_AypNg• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiIEz1D3It0

People are NOT distributed evenly across the Earth.

Population Concentrations

• Where do people in the world live?o Temperate (mid-latitude climates): not too hot

or too cold, lots of vegetation (but no extremes – rainforest, tundra)

o Near water

Major Population Centers

• East Asia• 1/4 of the world’s

population is here-China with over 1.3 billion.

• Most Chinese live on the east coast.

• Other areas include Japan, Korea and Vietnam.

• Most people are farmers, not city dwellers.

Major Population Centers

• South Asia• 2nd major population cluster.• dense pop. Along the

Ganges and Indus rivers.• 1.5 billion in South Asia and

over 1.1 billion in India alone

• Bangladesh (size of Iowa) with 141 million.

Major Population Centers

• Europe• 3rd in population

with 700 million• 75% to 90% living

in cities.• Population density

varies from the highest in the Netherlands to very low in Iceland.

Major Population Centers

• North America• Megalopolis Boston to Washington, D.C. which includes New

York, Philadelphia and Boston.• Other major population concentrations: Chicago, Detroit,

Cleveland, San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego.• Unlike Europe, North America has large areas of sparsely

populated regions.

Arithmetic Density• the total number of people divided by the total

land area• highest population densities are found in Asia,

Europe and Central America.

Physiological Density • the number of people per unit of arable land• a better measure than arithmetic density of the

relationship between population and resources• can be misleading since it does not consider the

productivity of the soil or the resources and expertise of the farmers

World Population Growth –Rate of natural increase (does not take

into account immigration and emigration).

Today, the pace of world population growth is slowing. Where have Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) fallen below

replacement level and why?

Population Growth• After 2 centuries of slow growth, world population

began explosive growth after WW II.• UN Projections are for global growth are at nearly

9 billion by 2050.• The total may rise to over 11 billion by the end of

the 21st century. • Greatest growth in the 1990s took place in Asia,

Sub-Saharan Africa.

Crude Birth Rate: total # of births per 1000 of the population

Total Fertility Rate• TFR is the average number of children that would

be born to each woman if during her child-bearing years, she bore children at the same rate as women of those ages actually did in a given year.

• It is age-adjusted, thus 2 nations with identical birth rates may have quite different fertility rates and prospects for growth.

Total Fertility Rate

Replacement Rate• Replacement fertility is the total fertility rate at

which newborn girls would have an average of exactly one daughter over their lifetimes.

• That is, women have just enough female babies to replace themselves (or, equivalently, adults have just enough total babies to replace themselves).

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 to 2.5 children per woman is considered “replacement level.”

Years TFR1950–1955 4.951955–1960 4.891960–1965 4.911965–1970 4.851970–1975 4.451975–1980 3.841980–1985 3.591985–1990 3.391990–1995 3.041995–2000 2.792000–2005 2.622005–2010 2.522010–2015 2.36

TFR: Un Projections

Crude Death Rates• Aka mortality rate• # of deaths per 1000 individuals per year• (thus, a mortality rate of 9.5 (out of 1000) in a

population of 1,000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year in that entire population, or 0.95% out of the total)

• show less world wide variability than do birth rates due to widespread availability of at least minimal health care and a generally youthful population in the developing nations where death rates are frequently lower than in “old age” Europe.

Crude Death Rates

deblij_ch02_table01

In the US• 85 years and older is the fastest growing group in

the US Population• 2005 the “old old” topped 5 million • By 2050 it is expected to be 20 million • Midwest has a high percentage since the young

leave for jobs elsewhere. • Boston and San Francisco have gone grayer as

seniors age in place.

Infant Mortality Rates• Dramatic declines in the rates have occurred in

all countries as a result of international health care delivery programs.

• Despite these efforts the most dramatic decreases in infant mortality have been in the urbanize, industrialized west.

Infant Mortality Rate: - the number of deaths of children under the age of 1, per thousand of the general population.

Life Expectancy: The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic,

and medical conditions.

Dependency Ratio• The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64,

compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

Population under the age of 15 - usually shown as a percentage of the total population of a country -

dependency age is 0-15

Mean Age• http://world.bymap.org/MedianAge.html

• “Train surfing” in Brazil