polyphagous shot hole borer identificaion guide
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Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer+ Fusarium Dieback Field Identification Guide
Signs+ symptoms
on 31 host trees in Southern
California
ContributorsAkif EskalenUC Riverside
John KabashimaUC Cooperative Extension
Monica DimsonUC Cooperative Extension
ImagesAll images in this field guide provided by Akif Eskalen, John Kabashima, or Monica Dimson unless cited otherwise below.
p. 6(a), (b) Gevork Arakelian, LA County Dept. of Agriculture(d) Mike Lewis, UC Riverside
p. 9(a) Christoph Benisch<kerbtier.de>(d) UC IPM <ipm.ucanr.edu>
p. 10(a), (b), (e), (f ) UC IPM
p. 29Mesquite: Tim Thibault
All “Leaf ID” images provided by SelecTree (1995-2014. June 2014. <selectree.calpoly.edu>), excluding:p. 18, Castor bean: UC IPMp. 20, Red willow: Keir Morsep. 27, White alder: Keir Morsep. 28, Titoki: UCCE Orangep. 37, Camellia: UCCE Orange
FUNDING FOR THIS F IELD GUIDE PROVIDED BY
PRINTED NOV 2014
Contents
Photo: Galleries in box elder branch.
5 . . . . . . . Background6 . . . . . . . Beetle Biology and Identification7 . . . . . . . Signs and Symptoms9 . . . . . . . Look-Alike Pests11 . . . . . . Host Species
Host Species
13 . . . . . . Box elder Acer negundo14 . . . . . . Big leaf maple Acer macrophyllum15 . . . . . . Evergreen maple Acer paxii16 . . . . . . Trident maple Acer buergerianum17 . . . . . . Japanese maple Acer palmatum18 . . . . . . Castor bean Ricinus communis
19 . . . . . . California sycamore Platanus racemosa20 . . . . . . Red willow Salix laevigata21 . . . . . . Avocado Persea americana22 . . . . . . Silk tree/Mimosa Albizia julibrissin23 . . . . . . English oak Quercus robur24 . . . . . . Coast live oak Quercus agrifolia25 . . . . . . London plane Platanus x acerifolia26 . . . . . . Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii27 . . . . . . White alder Alnus rhombifolia28 . . . . . . Titoki Alectryon excelsus
Contents
Photo: Galleries in castor bean branch.
29 . . . . . . Engelmann oak Quercus engelmannii30 . . . . . . Cork oak Quercus suber31 . . . . . . Valley oak Quercus lobata32 . . . . . . Coral tree Erythrina corallodendron33 . . . . . . Palo verde Parkinsonia aculeata34 . . . . . . Moreton Bay chestnut Castanospermum australe35 . . . . . . Mesquite Prosopis articulata36 . . . . . . Weeping willow Salix babylonica37 . . . . . . Camellia Camellia semiserrata
38 . . . . . . American sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua39 . . . . . . Red flowering gum Eucalyptus ficifolia40 . . . . . . Chinese flame/ Goldenrain Koelreuteria bipinnata K. paniculata 41 . . . . . . Coast redwood Sequoia sempervirens42 . . . . . . Honey locust Gleditsia japonica G. triancanthos43 . . . . . . Olive Olea europaea44 . . . . . . Reporting a Suspect Tree
5
Background
The Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB), Euwallacea sp., is an invasive beetle from southeast Asia that vectors three fungi: Fusarium euwallaceae, Graphium sp., and Acremonium sp. Adult females attack a wide variety of host species, tunneling galleries in which to lay their eggs and grow the fungi. Both adults and larvae feed on this fungus, which spreads from the galleries to attack the tree’s vascular tissue. This causes a disease called Fusarium Dieback (FD), which has been found to interrupt the transport of water and nutrients in over 130 tree species.
Beetle/Fungal ComplexPolyphagous Shot Hole Borer (a: immature female) + Fusarium euwallaceae, Graphium sp., and Acremonium sp. (b: in Avocado)
a b
Beetle Biology and ID
6
(c) Relative size of male and female. (d) Life stages from larva to adult (female). Most of the beetle’s life cycle is spent in the galleries.
Adult females (a) are black in color and 1.8-2.5 mm long.Adult males (b) are brown and smaller than females at 1.5 mm long. More females are produced than males, which are flightless and very rarely leave the galleries. Mature siblings mate with each other so that females are already pregnant when they leave to start their own galleries.
a b
c d
Signs and Symptoms
7
Entry/exit holes (e): ~0.85 mm (0.033 in) in diameter. Abdomen of female may be seen protruding from the hole. Photo to scale.
External Symptoms
Attack symptoms, a host tree’s visible response to stress, vary among species. Gumming (a), staining (b), sugary exudates (c), and/or frass (d) may be noticeable before the beetle itself.
a b
c d
e
Signs and Symptoms
8
Internal Symptoms
Fusarium euwallaceae causes brown to black discoloration in infected wood. Scrape away bark around the entry/exit hole to reveal dark staining surrounding the gallery (a, b). Cross-sections of cut branches (c) show the extent of infection.
Discoloration caused by Fusarium euwallaceae
Dieback
Advanced F. euwallaceae infections will eventually lead to branch dieback, as seen on this Engelmann oak (circled in yellow).
a b c
9
Look-Alike PestsLook out for damage caused by other wood-boring beetles and/or fungi that can be mistaken for signs and symptoms of PSHB/FD.
Secondary ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus saxeseniHosts: Stressed and dying treesLook for: beetles 2-2.4 mm long (a); smaller entry holes than those of PSHB (b); reddish frass and/or sap; wet discoloration and/or dead tissue around entry hole and beneath bark (c)
Western sycamore borer, Synanthedon resplendensHosts: Species of sycamore, oak, and ceanothusLook for: larvae 25-38 mm long (d); roughened bark (e); reddish sawdust-like frass and/or pupal cases (f ) in bark crevices or on
ground; bleeding
b
a
c
e fd
10
Look-Alike Pests
Oak ambrosia beetles, Monarthrum dentiger, M. scutellare (e)Hosts: Oak species, tanoak, CA buckeyeLook for: slightly larger beetles (M. scutellare: 3.5-4.1 mm long, M. dentiger: 1.9-2.4 mm) and entry-holes (1-1.5 mm diameter) with bleeding, frothing, bubbling, or white boring dust (f ) that is tan when oxidized; often attack stressed trees
Foamy bark canker, Geosmithia pallida + Western oak bark beetle, Pseudopityophthorus pubipennisHosts: Coast live oakLook for: beetles 1.7-2.3 mm long (a); reddish frass (b), reddish sap, wet discoloration, and/or foamy liquid (c) from smaller entry-hole than that of PSHB; dead tissue around entry hole, beneath bark (d)
a
b
c d
e f
11
Host Species
• Acacia (Acacia spp.)• American sweetgum
(Liquidambar styraciflua) • Avocado (Persea americana)• Big leaf maple
(Acer macrophyllum)• Blue palo verde
(Cercidium floridum) • Box elder (Acer negundo) • Brea (Cercidium sonorae)• California sycamore
(Platanus racemosa)• Camellia
(Camellia semiserrata)• Castor bean
(Ricinus communis)• Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta) • Coast live oak
(Quercus agrifolia)• Coral tree
(Erythrina corallodendron)• Cork oak (Quercus suber)
• Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii)
• English oak (Quercus robur)• Evergreen maple (Acer paxii)• Fremont cottonwood
(Populus fremontii)• Goodding’s black willow
(Salix gooddingii)• Japanese maple
(Acer palmatum)• Japanese wisteria
(Wisteria floribunda)• London plane
(Platanus x acerifolia)• Mesquite (Prosopis articulata)• Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin)• Moreton Bay chestnut
(Castanospermum australe)• Palo verde
(Parkinsonia aculeata)• Red flowering gum
(Eucalyptus ficifolia)
Reproductive HostsTree species suitable for reproduction of next generation of beetles + growth and development of symbiotic fungi. These species include (view most current list at eskalenlab.ucr.edu):
continued on page 12
12
Host Species
• Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius)
• California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)
• Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)
• Chinese flame tree, Goldenrain (Koelreuteria spp.)
• Chinese plum (Prunus mume)
• Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)
• Elm species (Ulmus spp.)
• Honey locust (Gleditsia spp.)• Japanese cherry
(Prunus serrulata)• Olive (Olea europaea)• Orange (Citrus sinensis)• Moreton Bay fig
(Ficus macrophylla)• Peach (Prunus persica)• Persimmon (Diospyrus kaki)• Shamel ash (Fraxinus uhdei)• Silk floss (Ceiba speciosa)• Silver birch (Betula pendula)• Victorian box
(Pittosporum undulatum)
Fusarium Dieback Susceptible HostsPSHB has been observed attacking over 300 tree species. At least 138 of those species are susceptible to Fusarium Dieback. PSHB is not known to reproduce in these species, but it can cultivate fungi in and stress the infected tree. These include:
• Red willow (Salix laevigata)• Titoki (Alectryon excelsus)• Tree of heaven
(Ailanthus altissima)• Trident maple
(Acer buergerianum)
• Valley oak (Quercus lobata)• Weeping willow
(Salix babylonica)• White alder
(Alnus rhombifolia)
Reproductive Hosts, cont.
13
Box Elder
Acer negundoNative reproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining, bleeding, frass
14
Big Leaf Maple
Acer macrophyllumNative reproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
15
Evergreen Maple
Acer paxiiReproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
16
Trident Maple
Acer buergerianumReproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
17
Japanese Maple
Acer palmatumReproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
18
Castor Bean
Ricinus communisInvasive reproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
19
California Sycamore
Platanus racemosaNative reproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
20
Red Willow
Salix laevigataNative reproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining, frass
21
Avocado
Persea americana Reproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsSugary exudate, staining
22
Silk Tree/Mimosa
Albizia julibrissinReproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining, gumming
23
English Oak
Quercus roburReproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
24
Coast Live Oak
Quercus agrifoliaNative reproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
25
London Plane
Platanus x acerifoliaReproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
26
Fremont Cottonwood
Populus fremontiiNative reproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
27
White Alder
Alnus rhombifoliaNative reproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
28
Titoki
Alectryon excelsusReproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsGumming, staining
29
Engelmann Oak
Quercus engelmanniiNative reproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
30
Cork Oak
Quercus suberReproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
31
Valley Oak
Quercus lobataNative reproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
32
Coral Tree
Erythrina corallodendronReproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
33
Palo Verde
Parkinsonia aculeataReproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining, frass
34
Moreton Bay Chestnut
Castanospermum australeReproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining, gumming
35
Mesquite
Prosopis articulataNative reproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
36
Weeping Willow
Salix babylonicaReproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining, gumming, frass
37
Camellia
Camellia semiserrataReproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
38
American Sweetgum
Liquidambar styracifluaReproductive host
LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
39
Red Flowering Gum
Eucalyptus ficifoliaReproductive host LEAF ID
SymptomsStaining
40
Chinese Flame/Goldenrain
Olea europaeaFD-susceptible host
LEAF ID
SymptomsGumming, staining
Koelreuteria bipinnata,K. paniculata
FD-susceptible hostsLEAF ID (K. BIPINNATA)
41
Coast Redwood
Sequoia sempervirensNative FD-susceptible host LEAF ID
SymptomsEntry/exit hole only
42
Honey Locust
Gleditsia triancanthos, G. japonica
FD-susceptible hostLEAF ID (G. TRIANCANTHOS)
SymptomsStaining
43
Olive
Olea europaeaFD-susceptible host LEAF ID
SymptomsGumming, staining
44
Reporting a Suspect Tree
1
2
PSHB/FD has been detected in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego Counties*.
Please report suspected tree infestations in California to the Eskalen Lab at UC Riverside at:
eskalenlab@gmail.com
Infestations in Orange County can be reported to the local UC Cooperative Extension office at:
pshb.ucce.oc@gmail.com
Submit the following information:
• Your contact information (name, city, phone number and/or email depending on method of submission)
• Suspect tree species• Description of suspect tree’s location (and/or GPS
coordinates)• Description of suspect tree’s symptoms• Photos of suspect tree and close-up photos of
symptoms (see examples on page 45)
Based on the symptom description and photos, UCCE Orange County or UC Riverside will decide whether a field assessment is needed to confirm the infestation.
A suspect tree reporting form can be downloaded at eskalenlab.ucr.edu/handouts/suspecttreereport.pdf.
*as of November 2014
45
Reporting a Suspect Tree
1 2
3
Take photos of suspect trees from several distances. Include photos of:
1. the trunk or symptomatic branches
2. the symptoms (close-up)
3. the entry/exit hole, if visible, with a ballpoint pen for scale (remove gumming or exudate if necessary)
If dieback is observed, include a picture of the entire tree.
Photos: Coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia
Stay up-to-date on the latest PSHB research atEskalen Lab (http://eskalenlab.ucr.edu) or the UC Riverside
Center for Invasive Species Research (http://cisr.ucr.edu).
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