policing today chapter 2 charles r. swanson, leonard territo, and robert w. taylor police...

Policing TodayPolicing Today

Chapter 2

Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo,and Robert W. Taylor

Police Administration:Police Administration:Structures, Processes, and BehaviorStructures, Processes, and Behavior

(Eighth Edition)(Eighth Edition)

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

• The COP movement focused on programs that fostered five elements:1. A commitment to crime prevention

2. Public scrutiny of the police

3. Accountability of police actions to the public

4. Customized police service

5. Community organization

Focus of Community Policing

• Response model

• Research findings:– Randomized motor patrol– Increasing the number of police

Problems with Traditional Policing

• COP is a proactive approach to crime control with three complementary elements:1. Community partnerships

2. Problem solving using the SARA model

3. Organizational transformation

Complementary Elements of Community Policing

• Herman Goldstein

• Problem: a cluster of similar, related, or recurring incidents rather than a single incident

• SARA– Scanning– Analysis– Response– Assessment

Problem Oriented Policing and the SARA Model

Key Components of Community Policing

• Make the police be more efficient and effective

• Four core principles:1. Accurate and timely intelligence and statistical

crime information based on geographical settings and/or areas

2. Rapid deployment of resources

3. Effective tactics and strategies of enforcement that focus on visible street crimes or “quality-of-life” crimes

4. Relentless follow-up and assessment

Elements of CompStat

Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy

• Crime control and prevention

• Neighborhood orientation

• Increased geographic responsibility

• Structures response to calls for police service

• Proactive, problem-solving approach

• Combined community and city resources for crime prevention and control

• Emphasis on crime and problem analysis through the CompStat process

• Training

• Communication and marketing

• Evaluation, strategic planning, and organizational change

• “Identify and solve problems of crime and disorder and to improve the quality of life in all of Chicago’s neighborhoods.”

• Five prototype districts

• Changes to structure, roe, and culture of policing

Evidence-Based Policing

• Crime is concentrated in isolated areas

• Forces the police to identify specific areas with undue concentrations of crime and then direct their resources at those places.

Hot-Spots Policing

• Directed Patrol: “directing” patrol officers to specific locations during their patrol shift

• Saturated Patrol: Concentrates additional officers on specific locations at specific times

Directed and Saturated Patrols

• Utilizes criminal intelligence analysis as a means to accomplish crime prevention and reduction through best practices and partnerships with other entities

Intelligence-Led Policing

• Uses information and analytical tools to achieve the goal of crime prevention while requiring fewer resources

• Improves upon ILP and reflects on the principles of POP, COP, and EBP

Predictive Policing

• Purpose: Organize massive quantities of raw information and forecast specific, future events from the statistical manipulation of these data

• Identifying patterns and relationships between crime data and other relevant data sources to prioritize and target police activity

Crime Analysis

Common Crime Analysis Techniques

• Tactical crime analysis

• Strategic crime analysis

• Link analysis

• Telephone toll analysis

• Visual investigative analysis

• Case analysis and management system

• Intelligence analysis

Geographic Information Systems

• Integration of automated database operations and high-level mapping– Analyze, manipulate,

and manage spatial data

• Statistical spatial analysis

• Spatial modeling

The Use of Artificial Intelligencein Policing

• Integration of many technologies and disciplines to create systems that can:– Think– See– Hear– Touch– Feel

• Shift from mere data processing to an intelligent processing of knowledge

• Police administrators must ensure that technology development and design support the emerging strategies in policing

• Police executives must manage technologies rather than allow themselves to be managed by it

• Individual police officers must understand their role in the community as aided by, but not controlled by, information technologies

The Impact of Information Technologieson Policing

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