police reform and development
Post on 23-Feb-2016
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BROAD OBJECTIVESBrief review of Irish policing historyFocus on Northern Ireland police reformsIdentify common elements:
Key steps and processesFrequent challengesOutcomes and benefits
Elements reflected in other police reformsPotential relevance for LibyaDiscussion
Please ask questions at any time
POLICING IN IRELANDAlways affected by political identities and tensionsAssociated with foreign state controlPerceived as harsh and repressiveUnresponsive and unaccountablePartition of Ireland (1921) creates two police forces:
Northern Ireland - Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)Republic of Ireland - Garda Síochána
Policing in Northern Ireland (1921 – 1969):Increasingly politicised and contentious
POLICING THE ‘TROUBLES’Increasing terrorism from 1969 – 1998Increased role for the military in everyday policingIncreasing separation of police from the community
1998 BELFAST AGREEMENTFirst significant peace effort in many yearsSupport from all parties in Northern IrelandEndorsed by common referendum (71.1% of vote)The RUC still largely Protestant (92%)Policing reform is seen as key to a lasting peaceOne outcome is the Patten Commission:
Patten Reform Report released in 1999175 sweeping recommendationsMajor change for the RUC and policing generally
REFORM STEPS AND PROCESS IBegins with public perceptions of policing:
Multiple legitimate perspectives on policingConfirms the central role of the community
Human RightsAccountability (over 30 recommendations):
Need for links to other institutionsGovernance board; complaints agency; inspectionsPrevent political interference and direction
Central function of community-based policing
REFORM STEPS AND PROCESS IIDe-Militarization and Normalization:
Joint operations with the ArmyFortified police stationsArmoured vehicles
Police Organizational Structures:ManagementCommand-and-control
Composition and RecruitmentTraining, Education and DevelopmentSymbols and culture
THE NEW POLICING VISIONPolicing is impartial and taken out of politicsThe police are clearly separated from the militaryA new name, badge and symbolsPolice represent all communitiesFocus on anti-crime operations
CRUCIAL ISSUE:OPERATIONAL INDEPENDENCE
Police are given extraordinary powers:Arrest, questioning, entry, seizure, detention
Essential need to minimize the risk of political influencePatten recommends that the chief of police:
No longer be operationally guided by the MinisterHave ‘operational responsibility’ for the police
Chief must be able to exercise policing responsibilitiesOnly the chief – a career police officer – has the proper:
Investigative and forensic factsOperational expertise and judgement
OVERSIGHT OF REFORMPatten recommends an independent means of
overseeing and assessing reformOversight Commission for Policing Reform (2000)Broad mandate to:
MonitorEvaluateReport on progress
Hold police to account for pace and degree of reformReport publicly three times per yearImplementation of over 82% of Patten recommendations
OFFICE OF THE OVERSIGHT COMMISSIONER
SIGNIFICANT OUTCOMESNew Police Service of Northern Ireland
Badge, uniform, symbols, equipmentReduction from 13,500 to 7,500 police officersCritical and ongoing relationships with outside actors:
Policing Board and local Policing PartnershipsPolice Ombudsman and Criminal Justice InspectorateCivil society and citizen groups
Increased proportion of Catholic police officers:From 8% in 2001 to 30% by 2011
Better criminal intelligence and operational effectivenessAn increasingly normalized policing environment
SOME CHALLENGES REMAINOngoing terrorism threat in Northern IrelandTwo distinct and divided communities remain:
Protestant – keep the union with the United KingdomCatholic – want a union with the Republic of Ireland
Annual parades and marches
ANNUAL COSTS TO POLICINGMassive drain on financial and human resourcesDamaged community relations:
Continuing tension and confrontationNow with both communities
Direct impacts on police officers and morale
BARRIERS TOPOLICE REFORM
Political indecision and interferenceResistance to change at senior police levelsIncoherent planning and internal coordinationUncertainty and fear among police officersInsufficient community engagementAn over-focus on tactical police trainingLack of emphasis on organizational changesSignificant costs over the longer termA pace of change that is slow and frustrating
ELEMENTS OF POTENTIAL RELEVANCE FOR LIBYA
Police reform is part of a wider justice system changeConscious move away from military linksA focus on effective operations and community safetyOperational responsibility of the chief of policeStrong links to other justice and oversight organizations
StatutoryCommunity-based
Representative police organizations:WomenRegionsMinorities
Key elements as reflected in other reform initiatives
SECU
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E PE
ACE
ENSU
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ABIL
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A REFORM PROCESS FOR POLICE the Northern Ireland experience
INTERNAL
REVIEWEXTERNAL REVIEW
IMPLEMENTATION AND OVERSIGHT
Prepare the ground Engage public
& politicsIncentivise
Validate and legitimise
Unity of will Cohesion of forces(political) (international & national)
Recognition
Retirement package
Representation
Modernisation
Empowerment
Oversight Commission
Capability Integrity
Framework
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