plant biotechnology for biofuels...energy biosciences institute department of plant and microbial...
Post on 22-Feb-2020
3 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Energy Biosciences Institute
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology
UC Berkeley
Plant Biotechnology for Biofuels
Princeton University, October 14, 2013
Markus Pauly
CO2-concentration in the atmosphere!
Today!800,000! 600,000! 400,000! 200,000!
ppm!
185 ppm (Ice ages)!
280 ppm (Preindustrial)!
Scripps Institute of Oceanography; National Climatic Data Center !
6 ppm!
Annual Cycle!
Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan!
0 500 1000 1500 Today!
11 May, 2013: 400 ppm!
© Markus Pauly
Chloroplast
Hexose-P
Carbon fixation in plants
Triose-P
Triose-P
Chloroplast
Sucrose (transport)
Starch (storage)
Glycolysis (energy)
Cell Wall Polymers (structure)
CO2
H2O
CO2
H2O
© Markus Pauly
Plant cell walls and Carbon Cycle
Assimilated CO2 Plant Biomass (land, worldwide) Cell walls (land, worldwide)
55 x109 t / a
170 – 200 x 109 t / a 120 – 170 x 109 t / a
Annual global production of chemicals 2010 1.2 x 109 t (without pharmaceuticals)
BASF report 2010 – Trends in the chemical industry
Field et al., 1998; Porter and Vilar, 1997; Pauly and Keegstra 2008
► Cell walls represent the dominant biological carbon sequestration system
© Markus Pauly
Cellulose Hemicellulose Pectin xyloglucan galactomannan arabinoxylan
Homogalacturonan
Ca2+-crosslinked
non-methylesterified methylesterified
Rhamnogalacturonan
RG II (boron-diester)
RG I (galactan) (arabinan)
The Plant Cell Wall © Markus Pauly
Cellulose Hemicellulose Polyphenols (Lignin)
The mature Plant Cell Wall © Markus Pauly
Redwoods: up to 379 feet high, up to 2200 y old
- structural integrity of cell/ tissue/ plant - cell shape/ plant morphology - cell adhesion - barrier (mechanical/ path. defense)
Buchanan, 1999
- dynamic entity of the cell - cell expansion
Keith Roberts
- reposit for signaling molecules - pathogen attack
Function of plant cell walls © Markus Pauly
► plant species ► plant tissue ► plant cell
Courtesy of Paul Knox, Univeristy of Leeds
The Plant Cell Wall: Diversity © Markus Pauly
Plant tissue (Lignocellulosics)
Dissolution in organic solvent Ball milling 2D-NMR
spectroscopy
10 mg (dry)
750 µl : 10 µl DMSO-d6/[Emim]OAc-d14
Assessment of plant cell wall structural diversity: Whole lignocellulosic 2D-NMR
Kun Cheng
© Markus Pauly
Kun Cheng
Whole lignocellulosic 2D-NMR 1H-13C HSQC
© Markus Pauly
Whole lignocellulosic 2D-NMR
Anomeric polysaccharides
© Markus Pauly
Whole lignocellulosic 2D-NMR Aromatic
Lignin
© Markus Pauly
Whole lignocellulosic 2D-NMR
Aliphatic Lignin linkages
© Markus Pauly
Whole lignocellulosic 2D-NMR
Molar percentage (Miscanthus)
Glc Xyl Ara Man GlcA Ac-xylan
63.0 32.0 3.0 2.0
>1.2 53.0
+/- 3 +/- 1 +/- 0.5 +/- 0.5 +/- 2
Guaiacyl (G) Syringyl (S) P-hydroxyphenyl (H)
54.0 40.0 5.0
+/- 1 +/- 1 +/- 0.5
S/G ratio >1.8
Aryl-ether (A) Phenylcoumaran (B) Resinol (C) Dibenzodioxacin (D)
68.0 1.0 7.0
24.0
+/- 3 +/- 0.5 +/- 1
Cheng, Sorek, Zimmermann, Wemmer, Pauly (2013) Analytical chemistry
© Markus Pauly
Forestry resources
Pine Poplar Willow Maple
Arabidopsis
Switchgrass Miscanthus
Maize Rice Sugarcane Sorghum
Eucalyptus
Model plant
Energy Grass
Agriculture residues
„Structural Space“ of lignocellulosics
Plant species
© Markus Pauly
Lignocellulosic structural diversity
Sugarcane bagasse
Cordgrass straw
Miscanthus straw
Agave americana
Pine wood
Eucalyptus wood
Cellulose
Non- Cell Lignin
β-O-4’ β-5’
β-β’
5-5’ β-O-4’
S G
H
pCa
FA
Ara
GlcA
Sorghum Maize leaf
Maize cob
Poplar wood
Willow wood
Agave fourcroydes
Agave tequilina
© Markus Pauly
Principal component clustering
„Structural Space“ of lignocellulosics
(35%)
(17%
)
(35%)
Miscanthus Sugarcane
Sorghum
Switchgrass
Pine
Maize
Eucalyptus Arabidopsis
Willow Maple
Poplar
Plant species ► Grasses ≠ Wood (Hardwood ≠ Softwood)
Kun Cheng
© Markus Pauly
oil
refinery
gasoline
vehicle
CO2
plants
biorefinery
biofuel
vehicle
CO2
► Plants capture energy from the sun ► Plants convert energy into durable chemicals ► Plants sequester CO2 from the atmosphere
Alternative to fossil fuels: Plant biomass © Markus Pauly
Lignocellulosics as renewable resource
► Cell walls (lignocellulosics) are non-food components
Dominant biological carbon sequestration system ► Lignocellulosics are highly abundant
► The conversion of lignocellulosics is energy and cost- intensive
© Markus Pauly
Chemical
Biological
Biomass to Biofuels
Conversion steps
Transesterification
Fuel
Biodiesel
Ethanol Butanol
Fermenta- tion Enzymatic
hydrolysis
Biomass Vegetable
Oil
Sugar
Starch
Biological
Methane Anaerobic gasification
Thermochemical
Hydrocarbons
Pyrolysis
Syngas production
Pre- treat- ment
Catalytic Conversion
Fischer Tropsch process Ligno-
cellulosics
© Markus Pauly
► Increase plant biomass/ ha ► Choice of crops ► Increase resource efficiency (water, fertilizer) ► Delayed flowering (energy maize: www.kws.com)
Van Holme, 2007
► Increase the yield of fermentable sugars ► Create a more open wall architecture (reduce, alter lignin) ► Reduce process inhibitors ► Increase cellulose (amorphous), hemicelluloses (hexoses)
Challenges: Plant biology – 2nd Gen Biofuels © Markus Pauly
Pauly lab
Acknowledgements
Lifeng Liu Jonathan Paulitz Guangyan Xiong Amancio Souza Nasim Mansoori Alex Schultink Julia Schulbert Dan Naylor
Sarah Hake, USDA Albany Patrick Brown, UIUC ISU transformation facility
Collaborators:
top related