phytophthora ramorum: educate to detect (pred) phytophthora ramorum: educate to detect (pred)...

Phytophthora ramorum:Phytophthora ramorum: Educate to Detect Educate to Detect

(PRED)(PRED)

University of Illinois Extension

in cooperation withUSDA-Forest Service

USDA-Cooperative State Research Education & Extension Service

IPM Regional CentersNational Plant Diagnostic Network

USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

OverviewOverview

Introduction History of P. ramorum Symptoms and look-alikes Regulations and management Sample collection and handling Questions and answers

2

Illinois Task ForceIllinois Task Force► Co-chairs: Monica David- U of I Extension

Bruce Paulsrud- U of I Extension► Dave Bender- IL. Nurseryman’s Association► Mark Cinnamon-IL. Dept of Agriculture► Steve Knight- IL. Plant Health Director► Dick Little- IL. Forestry Development Council► Karel Jacobs- Morton Arboretum► Edith Makra- Morton Arboretum► Nancy Pataky- U of I Plant Clinic► Dave Shiley- U of I Extension

3

History outlineHistory outline

Status in North American forests

Status in Europe

Status in North American landscapes and nurseries

4

Photo: Marin County Fire Department

Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco)

5

Photo: Marin County Fire Department

Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco), 2000

6

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

Photo: UC Davis & UC Berkeley

Phytophthora ramorum in culture

Chlamydospores

Sporangia releasing zoospores

7

Photo: Joseph O’Brien, USDA-Forest Service

Phytophthora ramorum infection on the leaves of California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)

8

Two sets of symptoms caused byTwo sets of symptoms caused by Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

Sudden Oak Death Red oak group hosts and tanoak Stem lesions beneath the bark May bleed or ooze Can kill adult plants

Phytophthora ramorum Foliar Blight Non-oak hosts Spots and blotches on leaves Shoot dieback Can kill juvenile plants, occasionally mature

plants

9

Photo: Mike McWilliams, ODF

10

P. ramorumP. ramorum confirmations in confirmations in

forestsforests

Map from www.suddenoakdeath.orgKelly, UC-Berkeley

11

Map: USDA- Forest Service

12

European garden & nursery European garden & nursery findsfinds

Photo: Hans DeGruyter, Netherlands Plant Protection Institute

Phytophthora ramorum infection on rhododendron in Europe

13

Quercus rubra

Infected trees in Infected trees in EuropeEurope

Photo: DEFRAFagus sylvatica

14

Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University

15

Photo: Jonathan Jones, APHIS, PPQ

16

Trace-forward & trace-backTrace-forward & trace-backinvestigationsinvestigations

Trace forwards = to the nurseries where stock was shipped TO

Trace backs = to the nursery where stock was shipped FROM

17

Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora ramorum national surveynational survey

Most states have started or completed their surveys

Over 3,000 nurseries / garden centers have been surveyed

Over 50,000 samples have been taken

Originally 15 positives in 7 states

All samples taken in Illinois were negative

18

As of January 10, 2005:• 3,130 sites surveyed (51,520 samples)• Confirmed in 22 states (176 positives)

Sudden Oak Death/P. ramorum Blight Survey Findings

Not found

Positive sample(s)

Pathogen is established

55

25

24

3

1

1

1

11

1 1

5 6 16

4

2

9

2

11 (indoor)

1

3

3

19

Symptoms & look-alikesSymptoms & look-alikes

Sudden Oak Death on oak hosts

Symptoms on other hosts

Screening questions at the NCIPM website (www.ncipm.org/sod) and

in the Illinois plan:

focus on recently purchased (or near recently purchased) camellia, kalmia, lilac, pieris, rhododendron, or viburnum

20

True oaks (Quercus spp.) Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) Chestnut (Castanea) [Europe only] Beech (Fagus) [Europe only]

Symptoms caused by Symptoms caused by P. P. ramorumramorum differ on different differ on different

hostshosts

Sudden Oak Deathaffects members of the oak

family (Fagaceae)

21

Photo: Pavel Svihra, UC Cooperative Extension

P. ramorumP. ramorum on coast live oak on coast live oak

22

‘‘Bleeding’ canker on tree trunkBleeding’ canker on tree trunk

‘Bleeding’ or oozing on the bark

Not associated with cracks in bark or insect holes

Usually on the lower 6 ft. of tree trunks

Photo: Garbelotto lab, UC Berkeley

23

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

Photos: Mike McWilliams, ODF & Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation

“bleeding”

24

Photo: Dave Rizzo, UC Davis

Cankers (in inner Cankers (in inner bark) are bark) are surrounded by a surrounded by a black lineblack line

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum25

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

outer bark inner bark

Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Department of Conservation

26

Bleeding canker caused by Armillaria

outer bark inner bark

Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum

Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

27

Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum

outer bark inner bark

Bleeding canker caused by inner-bark boring insect

Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

28

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

outer bark inner bark

Bleeding canker caused by Inonotus hispidus

Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

29

Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum

Scorching of foliage and vascular discoloration typical of Oak Wilt

30

Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum

Scorching of foliage caused by Bacterial Leaf Scorch

31

Other common diseases & injuriesOther common diseases & injuries

Bacterial wetwood

Boring insects

Mechanical injury

Fungi

32

On other plant hosts, On other plant hosts, P. P. ramorumramorum causes symptoms of causes symptoms of

foliar blightfoliar blight

Pyracantha Honeysuckle Yew Douglas-fir Grand fir Coast redwood

Camellia Rhododendron Viburnum Pieris Mountain

laurel Lilac

33

Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia

Photos: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture & Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA

34

Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia

Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA

35

Symptoms can be subtle

Look for irregular-shaped brown lesions on the leaves

Sometimes only the tips of leaves are brown

Look for lower leaves that have fallen off

Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia

Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA

36

Sun scorch on camellia

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

Photo: Carrie Harmon, University of Florida

37

Cold injury on camellia

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

Photo: Richard Regan, Oregon State University

38

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron

Rhododendron macrophyllum

Shoot dieback Foliar blight Foliar blight

Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University

39

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron

Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State UniversityRhododendron macrophyllum

40

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron

Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation

41

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron

Rhododendron ‘Unique’Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University

42

Photo: Paul Tooley, USDA-ARS

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on eastern symptoms on eastern native rhododendrons native rhododendrons

(inoculation trials)(inoculation trials)

43

Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora syringae

44

Photo: Mike Benson, NCSU

Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora species

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

45

Phytophthora root rot - not caused by P. ramorum

Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum

Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University

46

Sun scorch

Gray blight can develop on sun scorched rhododendron leaves

Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum

Photo: Rich Regan, Oregon State University

47

Pieris japonicaPhoto: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture

Symptoms on pierisSymptoms on pieris48

Pieris japonica

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on pieris symptoms on pieris

Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture

49

Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture

Viburnum x bodnantense ‘’Dawn’

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum

50

Viburnum x bodnantense ‘Dawn’Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum

51

Viburnum plicatum tomentosum ‘Mariesii’

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum

Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University

52

stem canker

Photo: Sabine Werres, Institute für Pflanzenschutz im Gartenbau, Germany

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum

53

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on kalmia kalmia

(mountain laurel)(mountain laurel)

Photo: DEFRA

54

Photo: Robert Linderman, USDA-ARS

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)

55

Photo: Peter Angwin, USDA-Forest Service

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)

56

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on lilac symptoms on lilac

Photo: Alexandra Schlenzig, Scottish Agricultural Science Agency

57

Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University

Bacterial blight on lilac

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample 58

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on conifersconifers

Photo: Santa Clara Co. (CA) Agriculture Dept. & Dave Rizzo, UC Davis

Grand fir Douglas-fir

59

Regulations & ManagementRegulations & Management

P. ramorum quarantines Federal vs. State quarantines Quarantine goals What areas are under quarantine? What is the impact of a quarantine?

(Why we don’t really want to find out!)

P. ramorum management strategies

60

Federal quarantines Authorization: Plant Protection Act Prevent movement between states

State quarantines Authorization in IL: IL Pest and Disease Act 505 ILCS 90

(www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs.asp) Prevent introductions and movement within a

state

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumregulations & quarantinesregulations & quarantines

61

Federal Federal P. ramorumP. ramorum quarantine quarantine program goalsprogram goals

Prevent the artificial spread of P. ramorum

Take the least restrictive action necessary

Determine status of disease, nationwide

Keep the regulations current with the science and risk

Identify where infected items came from and went to

Clean up infested nurseries and garden centers

62

Federal quarantine areas 14 California counties & part of an Oregon

county “Pest is present and being officially controlled” P. ramorum is established in natural

environment, but within the quarantined area.

Federal regulated areas All of California, Oregon, and Washington “…is subjected to phytosanitary measures” Think of this as a buffer between known

infested and non-infested areas

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumregulations & quarantinesregulations & quarantines

63

Impact on Federal quarantined areas: Each shipment of host or associated

host plants or regulated articles must be inspected before shipping interstate – must be free of P. ramorum.

Annual inspection - even in nurseries that don’t contain or ship P. ramorum hosts or associated hosts.

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumregulations & quarantinesregulations & quarantines

64

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumdomestic regulated domestic regulated articles/materialsarticles/materials

Nursery stock*

Forest stock

Wood

Bark

Soil

Wreaths & greenery

65

* See www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod for a current list of hosts and associated hosts

Impact on Federal regulated areas: Nurseries may not ship hosts or

associated hosts until inspection proves the nursery is not infested with P. ramorum.

Annual inspection - even in nurseries that don’t contain or ship P. ramorum hosts or associated hosts.

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumregulations & quarantinesregulations & quarantines

66

USDA-APHIS website: USDA-APHIS website: www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sodwww.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod

67

Prevention & ManagementPrevention & Management Cultural tactics:

Thoroughly inspect all new plants for unusual symptoms prior to introducing them into the nursery, garden center, forest, or landscape.

Avoid planting P. ramorum-foliar hosts under or adjacent to oak trees.

Avoid wetting the plant foliage, which will stimulate foliar diseases such as P. ramorum.

Monitor host plants frequently and promptly submit a sample from any suspicious plant.

68

Prevention & ManagementPrevention & Management Fungicides:

Information now emerging: interpret with caution Two established active ingredients seem to have

the most promise (and data) - mefenoxam (Subdue Maxx): Foliar infections - phosphorous acid (AGRI-FOS): Trunk cankers Regular or supplemental labels are expected soon Read the labels carefully See the “IL P. ramorum Detection & Response

Plan” for further details.

69

P. ramorumP. ramorum procedures procedures

Review of material just presented

Goal of PRED

Overview of the program

What to do…

70

Sample referral criteriaSample referral criteria Plants likely to be infected by Phytophthora

ramorum (as indicated by the screening questionnaire):

Affected plant is on host list and purchased since 2002

Affected plant is near a recently purchased host plant

Symptoms are consistent with Phytophthora ramorum

Screening questions at the NCIPM website (www.ncipm.org/sod) or the same questions modified for Illinois and found in the Illinois plan

71

CommunicationCommunication Submit the suspect sample to:

University of Illinois extension office near you

for DDDI submission If still suspect, the sample will need to be sent to:

University of Illinois Plant Clinic

1401 W. St. Mary’s Rd.

Urbana, IL 61802

217-333-0519 Avoid alarming behavior. Don’t jump to

conclusions. Wait for lab result Maintain confidentiality

72

If you’re asked to collect a If you’re asked to collect a samplesample

Collect leaves that show various stages of symptom development.

Take pictures of symptoms and environment.

73

Packaging a samplePackaging a sample Place sample on a paper

towel. Do not wet the towel.

Double bag and seal the sample in zippable bags.

If shipping, use a crush proof box with seams sealed completely with tape.

Be sure to include the sample submission form required by your state.

74

Delivering a sampleDelivering a sample

Contact the Plant Clinic (217-333-0519).

Samples must be fresh and in good condition. Enclose in plastic as if mailing. Label the bags.

Rapid delivery is critical (no Friday shipments).

75

Sampling remindersSampling reminders

The accuracy of a disease diagnosis can only be as good as the sample and information provided.

Sample must be representative of symptoms and severity in the field and must contain the right material.

76

Sampling remindersSampling reminders

Sanitation disposal of material containment while shipping clean tools

Chain of custody restrict access to sample make sure sample collection location is

retraceable

77

Diagnostics: laboratory testsDiagnostics: laboratory tests

There are three detection methods: Antibody test (ELISA) Plating on selective

media DNA (PCR)

Relatively expensive

Time consuming

ELISA

Plating

PCR

Photo: Natalie Goldberg, New Mexico State University

78

Where to go for more Where to go for more informationinformation

APHIS: www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod

California Oak Mortality Task Force:www.suddenoakdeath.org

NC IPM:www.ncipm.org/sod

IL Home, Yard, & Garden Pest Newsletter: www.ag.uiuc.edu/cespubs/hyg

79

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

Original authors Jennifer Parke Susan Frankel Janice

Alexander Carla Thomas

80

Revising authors Monica David Nancy Pataky Bruce Paulsrud

Dave Bender, Mark Cinnamon, Monica David, Nancy Pataky, Bruce Paulsrud, Dave Shiley, Karel Jacobs, Edith Makra, Steve Knight, Dick Little, and Tom Wilson

Illinois Sudden Oak Death Task Force Members