physics: motion and forces 1aphysics: motion and forces students know that when forces are balanced,...

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know how to solve problemsthat involve constant speed and

average speed.

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1a

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know that when forces arebalanced, no acceleration occurs; thus

an object continues to move at aconstant speed or stays at rest

(Newton's first law).

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1b

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know how to apply the law F = ma to solve one-dimensional

motion problems that involve constantforces (Newton's second law).

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1c

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know that when one objectexerts a force on a second object, thesecond object always exerts a force

of equal magnitude and in the oppositedirection (Newton's third law).

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1d

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know the relationshipbetween the universal law of

gravitation and the effect of gravityon an object at the surface of Earth.

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1e

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know applying a force to anobject perpendicular to the direction ofits motion causes the object to changedirection but not speed (e.g., Earth'sgravitational force causes a satellitein a circular orbit to change direction

but not speed).

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1f

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know circular motionrequires the application of a constantforce directed toward the center of

the circle.

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1g

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know Newton's laws are notexact but provide very good

approximations unless an object ismoving close to the speed of light or issmall enough that quantum effects are

important.

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1h*

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know how to solve two-dimensional trajectory problems.

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1i*

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know how to resolve two-dimensional vectors into theircomponents and calculate the

magnitude and direction of a vectorfrom its components.

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1j*

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know how to solve two-dimensional problems involving

balanced forces (statics).

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1k*

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know how to solve problemsin circular motion by using the formula

for centripetal acceleration in thefollowing form: a = v2/r.

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1l*

May 2005

Physics: Motion and Forces

Students know how to solve problemsinvolving the forces between two

electric charges at a distance(Coulomb's law) or the forces between

two masses at a distance (universalgravitation).

Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basisfor understanding this concept:

1m*

May 2005

Physics: Conservation of Energy andMomentum

Students know how to calculate kineticenergy by using the formula

E = (1/2)mv2.

The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide away to predict and describe the movement of objects. As abasis for understanding this concept:

2a

May 2005

Physics: Conservation of Energy andMomentum

Students know how to calculatechanges in gravitational potentialenergy near Earth by using the

formula (change in potential energy) =mgh (h is the change in the elevation).

The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide away to predict and describe the movement of objects. As abasis for understanding this concept:

2b

May 2005

Physics: Conservation of Energy andMomentum

Students know how to solve problemsinvolving conservation of energy in

simple systems, such as fallingobjects.

The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide away to predict and describe the movement of objects. As abasis for understanding this concept:

2c

May 2005

Physics: Conservation of Energy andMomentum

Students know how to calculatemomentum as the product mv.

The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide away to predict and describe the movement of objects. As abasis for understanding this concept:

2d

May 2005

Physics: Conservation of Energy andMomentum

Students know momentum is aseparately conserved quantity

different from energy.

The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide away to predict and describe the movement of objects. As abasis for understanding this concept:

2e

May 2005

Physics: Conservation of Energy andMomentum

Students know an unbalanced force onan object produces a change in its

momentum.

The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide away to predict and describe the movement of objects. As abasis for understanding this concept:

2f

May 2005

Physics: Conservation of Energy andMomentum

Students know how to solve problemsinvolving elastic and inelastic collisions

in one dimension by using theprinciples of conservation of

momentum and energy.

The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide away to predict and describe the movement of objects. As abasis for understanding this concept:

2g

May 2005

Physics: Conservation of Energy andMomentum

Students know how to solve problemsinvolving conservation of energy in

simple systems with various sources ofpotential energy, such as capacitors

and springs.

The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide away to predict and describe the movement of objects. As abasis for understanding this concept:

2h*

May 2005

Physics: Heat andThermodynamics

Students know heat flow and work aretwo forms of energy transfer between

systems.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in manyprocesses energy is transferred to the environment as heat.As a basis for understanding this concept:

3a

May 2005

Physics: Heat andThermodynamics

Students know that the work done by a heatengine that is working in a cycle is the

difference between the heat flow into theengine at high temperature and the heat

flow out at a lower temperature (first law ofthermodynamics) and that this is an example

of the law of conservation of energy.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in manyprocesses energy is transferred to the environment as heat.As a basis for understanding this concept:

3b

May 2005

Physics: Heat andThermodynamics

Students know the internal energy of anobject includes the energy of random motionof the object's atoms and molecules, oftenreferred to as thermal energy. The greaterthe temperature of the object, the greater

the energy of motion of the atoms andmolecules that make up the object.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in manyprocesses energy is transferred to the environment as heat.As a basis for understanding this concept:

3c

May 2005

Physics: Heat andThermodynamics

Students know that most processestend to decrease the order of a

system over time and that energylevels are eventually distributed

uniformly.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in manyprocesses energy is transferred to the environment as heat.As a basis for understanding this concept:

3d

May 2005

Physics: Heat andThermodynamics

Students know that entropy is aquantity that measures the order ordisorder of a system and that this

quantity is larger for a moredisordered system.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in manyprocesses energy is transferred to the environment as heat.As a basis for understanding this concept:

3e

May 2005

Physics: Heat andThermodynamics

Students know the statement"Entropy tends to increase" is a law ofstatistical probability that governs all

closed systems (second law ofthermodynamics).

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in manyprocesses energy is transferred to the environment as heat.As a basis for understanding this concept:

3f*

May 2005

Physics: Heat andThermodynamics

Students know how to solve problemsinvolving heat flow, work, and

efficiency in a heat engine and knowthat all real engines lose some heat to

their surroundings.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in manyprocesses energy is transferred to the environment as heat.As a basis for understanding this concept:

3g*

May 2005

Physics: Waves

Students know waves carry energyfrom one place to another.

Waves have characteristic properties that do not depend onthe type of wave. As a basis for understanding this concept:

4a

May 2005

Physics: Waves

Students know how to identifytransverse and longitudinal waves in

mechanical media, such as springs andropes, and on the earth

(seismic waves).

Waves have characteristic properties that do not depend onthe type of wave. As a basis for understanding this concept:

4b

May 2005

Physics: Waves

Students know how to solve problemsinvolving wavelength, frequency, and

wave speed.

Waves have characteristic properties that do not depend onthe type of wave. As a basis for understanding this concept:

4c

May 2005

Physics: Waves

Students know sound is a longitudinalwave whose speed depends on the

properties of the medium in which itpropagates.

Waves have characteristic properties that do not depend onthe type of wave. As a basis for understanding this concept:

4d

May 2005

Physics: Waves

Students know radio waves, light, andX-rays are different wavelength bands

in the spectrum of electromagneticwaves whose speed in a vacuum is

approximately 3 x 108m/s(186,000 miles/second).

Waves have characteristic properties that do not depend onthe type of wave. As a basis for understanding this concept:

4e

May 2005

Physics: Waves

Students know how to identify thecharacteristic properties of waves:interference (beats), diffraction,refraction, Doppler effect, and

polarization.

Waves have characteristic properties that do not depend onthe type of wave. As a basis for understanding this concept:

4f

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know how to predict thevoltage or current in simple direct

current (DC) electric circuitsconstructed from batteries, wires,

resistors, and capacitors.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5a

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know how to solve problemsinvolving Ohm's law.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5b

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know any resistive element in aDC circuit dissipates energy, which heatsthe resistor. Students can calculate thepower (rate of energy dissipation) in any

resistive circuit element by using theformula Power = IR (potential

difference) x I (current) = 12R.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5c

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know the properties oftransistors and the role of transistors

in electric circuits.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5d

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know charged particles aresources of electric fields and are

subject to the forces of the electricfields from other charges.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5e

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know magnetic materials andelectric currents (moving electriccharges) are sources of magneticfields and are subject to forces

arising from the magnetic fields ofother sources.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5f

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know how to determine thedirection of a magnetic field producedby a current flowing in a straight wire

or in a coil.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5g

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know changing magneticfields produce electric fields, thereby

inducing currents in nearbyconductors.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5h

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know plasmas, the fourthstate of matter, contain ions or free

electrons or both and conductelectricity.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5i

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know electric and magneticfields contain energy and act as vector

force fields.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5j*

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know the force on a chargedparticle in an electric field is qE,

where E is the electric field at theposition of the particle and q is the

charge of the particle.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5k*

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know how to calculate theelectric field resulting from a point

charge.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5l*

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know static electric fieldshave as their source some

arrangement of electric charges.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5m*

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know the magnitude of the forceon a moving particle (with charge q) in a

magnetic field is qvB sin(a), where a is theangle between v and B (v and B are the

magnitudes of vectors v and B, respectively),and students use the right-hand rule to find

the direction of this force.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5n*

May 2005

Physics: Electric and MagneticPhenomena

Students know how to apply theconcepts of electrical and

gravitational potential energyto solve problems involving

conservation of energy.

Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have manypractical applications. As a basis for understanding thisconcept:

5o*