physical science review. lab procedures 1.dry hands, keep cords away from wet areas, and make sure...

Physical Science Review

Lab Procedures

1. Dry hands, keep cords away from wet areas, and make sure electrical equipment is in good condition

2. Graduated Cylinder

3. Bottom curved portion of a liquid

Lab Procedures

4. You measure mass with a balance.5. Slide all riders back to zero. Use the

adjustment knob under the measurement tray to make sure the pointer is on zero.

Graphing

1. The three types of graphs are:1. Bar graphs show relationships among groups. 2. Circle (or Pie) graphs shows percents.3. Line graphs show how one variable changes with

respect to another.

Graphing

Graphing

2. The independent variable is on the x-axis and the dependent variable is on the y-axis.

DRY MIX

Distance vs. Time

1 2 3 4 5 6 70

5

10

15

20

25

Time (s)

Distance (m)

Atoms

1.

2. The three hydrogens have different numbers of neutrons which make them isotopes.

3. Number of protons4. Average atomic mass of the element’s isotopes

AtomsElement Atomic

Number# of Protons # of Electrons

(same as protons if atom

is neutral)

Mass Number

# of Neutrons(Mass # - Protons)

Mn 25 25 25 55 30

Zn 30 30 30 65 35

Ti 22 22 22 48 26

Ca 20 20 20 40 20

O 8 8 8 16 8

Ne 10 10 10 20 10

Chemical Bonding

1. Electrons in the outermost energy shell2. Their outermost energy level is full3. Number of energy levels that electrons exists

in4. Number of valence electrons

Chemical Bonding

H Li Cl Ne

H Li Cl Ne

Density

1. Mass and volume

2. D = m/v D = 11 g/2 cm3 D = 5.5 g/cm3

3. V = m/d V = 15 g/3 g/cm3 V = 5 cm3

4. V = l x w x h V = 3 m x 2 m x 1m = 6 m3

Naming Compounds

1. a. NaCl b. Li2O

c. Mg3N2

2. a. Hydrogen monochloride b. Carbon monoxide c. Carbon dioxide

Naming Compounds3. The name of the metal is first, followed by

the nonmetal. The ending of the nonmetal is dropped and -ide is added.

4. Ionic bonds occur between a metal and a nonmetal. Covalent bonds occur between two nonmetals.

5. A cation has a positive charge because it lost electrons. An anion has a negative charge because it gained electrons.

Remember, cats make us happy!

Chemical Reactions

1. Reactants are what you begin with and products are what is produced.

2. Conservation of mass; equal3. a. Unbalanced b. Balanced4. a. Decomposition b. Double replacement c. Single replacement d. Synthesis e. Single replacement

Matter and Solubility

1. Solutes are dissolved in solvents.2. a. stirring b. heating c. crushing3. Contains the maximum amount of solute it

can hold at that temperature.4. Homogenous – coke

Heterogeneous – chicken noodle soup5. Substance

Acids and Bases

1. Sour taste, produces H+ ions, ph < 7, and corrosive.2. Bitter taste, feels slippery, produces OH- ions, ph > 7.3. Acid4. Base5. Neutral6. Base7. Acid8. Weak Acid..6 Weak Base..89. React with a base

Energy Transformations

1. Mechanical, chemical, electrical, thermal, and nuclear.

2. Electrical; mechanical3. Conservation of Energy4. Light from the Sun is converted to electrical

energy by solar panels.5. Conduction, convection, and radiation6. a. radiation b. convection c. conduction

d. conduction e. radiation

Force and Motion

1. Distance and time2. Velocity describes speed and direction3. D = vt D = (65 mph)(3.5 hr) D = 227.5 miles4. T = d/v T = 350 miles/72 mph T = 4.9 hrs5. Zero6. Change in velocity/time

Force and Motion

7. Slowing down8. A car leaves a stop sign reaching a speed of

12 m/s in 10 sec. What is the acceleration? a = Vf – Vi/t a = 12 m/s – 0 m/s ÷ 10 sec a = 1.2 m/s2

9. a = Vf – Vi/t a = 8.94 m/s – 22.35 m/s ÷ 4 sec a= -3.35 m/s2

Newton’s Laws

1. An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest, unless acted upon by an outside force.

2. Objects resistance to a change in motion.3. Mass; force4. Newton’s 3rd Law

Newton’s Laws

5. Push or pull to change motion; newtons

6. F = ma F = (100 kg)(5 m/s2) F = 500 N

Work and Machines

1. W = fd2. Joules3. W = fd W = (40 N)(3 m) W = 120 J4. Machine

a. Decreasing the input force b. Increasing the distance the resistance force moves c. Changing the direction of the input force

Work and Machines

5. MA = foutput/finput finput

= foutput/MA finput = 100 N/2 finput = 50 N

6. Wheel & axle 10 m/5 m = 2 7. Pulley = 38. Inclined plane 12 m/3 m = 4

Waves

Mechanical Electromagnetic

Require a medium Does not require a medium

2 types (transverse and compressional)

7 types (gamma, x-rays, uv, visible, infrared, microwaves,

and radio)Sound waves Light waves

Waves

2. Longitudinal; solid; G3. Transverse; Gas; S4. Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, uv, x-rays,

and gamma5. UV, x-rays, and gamma6. Heat7. Roy G Biv

Phases of Matter

1. Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma2. All matter is composed of particles and they

are in constant motion.3. Liquid4. Solid5. Gas6. Melting point7. Boiling Point8. Evaporation9. Condensation

Phases of Matter

10. Energy is added to separate particles as ice melts; then the same amount is released as it freezes. Energy is absorbed when water vaporizes; the same amount is released when the vapor condenses.

The Periodic Table

1. Mendeleev2. Periods; groups3. Metals – left of the stair step

metalloids – stair step nonmetals – right of the stair step

4. Alkali metals; they only have one electron in their outer energy level

5. Alkaline earth – they have two electrons in their outer energy level

The Periodic Table

6. Halogens; one electron7. Nobel gases have a full outer energy level.8. They can conduct heat and electricity better

than nonmetals, but not as well as metals.