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Physical Evidence
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Types of Analysis
Comparison
Visual MicroscopicChemical
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ComparisonMost types of evidence require
a control with which to be compared
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Visual Analysis Evidence utilized through unaided
observation
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Microscopic AnalysisEvidence observed with the
use of some type of microscope
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Chemical AnalysisEvidence
subjected to any type of chemical
procedure
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Types of Evidence
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Documents Hand writtenType or PrintedAuthenticity?
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Glass How broken? (Small hole? Big pieces? Inside or outside?)
Link a suspect to a crime scene
FingerprintsBlood bsapp.com
Soils, Minerals, Wood, and Other Vegetative
Matter. Location Link suspectTrace Evidence
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Fingerprints Mainstay of ForensicsWho is on file?
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Hair
What type?How removed?Match to a personDNA
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Fibers
Link suspect to a location or victim
Origin?bsapp.com
Firearms and Ammunition
Circumstances of discharge
Link to suspectLink to weaponLink to victim
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Powder ResidueGSR TestEvidence of shootingCircumstances of shooting
Type of weapon
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Explosives & Propellants
Link to suspect or victim
Origin
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Tool Marks
Match tool to scars
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Impressions
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Drugs Type of Drug?Strength?Origin?Legal?
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Paint
OriginMatch
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Blood, Semen, Saliva, Organs, & other
Physiological Fluids
OriginDNACondition
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1.What are the four types of analysis?2.Explain what “tool marks” are and how they are used in CSI.
What does a CSI observe with each of the following evidences?
1. Documents 2. Broken glass 3. Vegetative & soil samples4. Hair5. Fiber6. Firearms and ammunition7. Powder residue8. Impressions9. Drug samples10.Body fluid
Glass Fractures
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►A burglar shatters a window. Later, police discover glass fragments embedded in his shoes and jacket. A shooter fires bullets through a window but claims someone inside shot at him first. Cracked, fractured or shattered glass yields crucial clues for investigations of crimes and accidents. Forensic glass analysis uncovers those clues using a variety of scientific processes.
► Forensic analysis of glass fractures reveals clues about projectiles, weapons and direction of force.
Glass ►How broken?►Link a suspect to a crime scene►Fingerprints►Blood
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►Radial cracks look like spokes in a bicycle tire, while concentric cracks resemble ripples in a pond. Add gunpowder residue, and there is no doubt someone fired a gun.
Fractures
Conce
ntri
c
Rad
ial
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Direction of Penetration
►Glass bends in response to a force exerted on its surface. When the limit of its elasticity is reached the glass will fracture.
►A projectile hole is inevitably wider at the exit side.
►Often difficult to determine the size and shape of hole in glass whether it was made by bullet or by some other projectile.
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Stress MarksA projectile hole is inevitably wider at the exit side, and hence its examination is an important factor when determining the direction of impact.
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Direction of
Penetratio
n
Concentric
Radial
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Radials
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• Produced first• Form on side
of glass OPPOSITE to where impact originated.
• Like spider webs that spread outward from the impact hole
Concentric
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• Form SECOND
• Encircle the projectile hole
• Start on the same side as that of the force.
Successive PenetrationsA fracture always terminates
at an existing line of fracture bsapp.com
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► Glass fragments from a crime or accident scene sometimes stick to weapons, tools, automobiles or clothing. Forensic glass examiners compare the density of glass fragments--typically, one sample from a suspect and one from the scene of the accident or crime. If the densities fail to match, police may have enough information to exclude fragments as coming from the crime scene source.
► However, identical densities do not indicate a match, since many types and samples of glass may share the same density. Therefore, forensic glass examiners also analyze the refractive index of both samples. Refractive index measures the ratio of the velocity of light as it passes through a medium versus through a vacuum. A match in refractive index may mean that two glass samples came from the same source, although no glass expert can proclaim that with 100 percent certainty.
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