php complete reference with database concepts for beginners

Mohammed Mushtaq Ahmed

Contents

• HTML• JavaScript• PHP• MySQL• WAMP

• Hyper Text Markup Language• Developed by Tim Berners lee in 1990.• Easy to use ,Easy to learn• Markup tags tell the browser how to display

the page.• A HTML file must have an extension .htm

or.html.

Cont…..

• HTML tags are surrounded by “<“ and “>” (angular brackets).

• Tags normally come in pairs like <H1> and </H1>.

• Tags are not case sensitive i.e. <p> is same as <P>.

• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag and so on ……,.

Cont…

JavaScript

• JavaScript ≠ Java• Developed by Netscape• Purpose: to Create Dynamic websites• Starts with < script type=“text/java script”>

and ends with < /script>.• Easy to learn , easy to use.• More powerful,loosely typed

Cont…

• Conversion automatically• Used to customize web pages.• Make pages more dynamic.• To validate CGI forms.• It’s limited (can not develpe standalone

aplli.)• Widely Used

About PHP

• PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor),• Dynamic web pages.• It’s like ASP.• PHP scripts are executed on the server .• PHP files have a file extension of ".php",

".php3", or ".phtml".

Why PHP

• PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.)

• PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)

• PHP is FREE to download from the official PHP resource: www.php.net

• PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side

Cont…

• A PHP scripting block always starts with <?php and ends with ?>.

• Can be placed any where within a document.

• We can start a scripting block with <? and end with ?> on servers that provide shorthand support.

• It is advised to use standard tags for best outputs.

Features of PHP…

• Speed• Full database Support• Open source and free to download and

use.• Cross platform• Easy for newcomer and advance features

Cont…

• Used to create dynamic web pages.

• Freedom to choose any operating system and a web server.

• Not constrained to output only HTML. PHP's abilities include outputting images, PDF files etc.

• Support for a wide range of databases. Eg: dBase, MySQL, Oracle etc.

• URL is typed in the browser.• The browser sends a request to the web server. • The web server then calls the PHP script on that

page.• The PHP module executes the script, which then

sends out the result in the form of HTML back to the browser, which can be seen on the screen.

Working of PHP…

PHP BASICS…

A PHP scripting block always starts with <?php and ends with ?>A PHP scripting block can be placed anywhere in the document. On servers with shorthand support enabled you can start a scripting block with <? and end with ?>For maximum compatibility;

use the standard form <?php ?>rather than the shorthand form <? ?>

Structure of PHP Programe<html> <body>

<?php echo “hi friends….."; ?>

</body> </html>

Combining PHP with HTml

<html><head><title>My First Web Page</title></head><body bgcolor="white"><p>A Paragraph of Text</p><?phpEcho ”HELLO”;?></body></html>

Comments in PHP

• In PHP, we use // to make a single-line comment or /* and */ to make a large comment block.

Example :<?php //This is a comment /* This is a comment block */ ?>

PHP Variables• A variable is used to store information.

– text strings– numbers – Arrays

• Examples:– A variable containing a string:

<?php $txt="Hello World!"; ?>

– A variable containing a number: <?php

$x=16; ?>

Naming Rules for Variables

• Must start with a letter or an underscore "_"

• Can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, and _ )

• Should not contain spaces. If a variable name is more than one word, it should be separated with an underscore ($my_string), or with capitalization ($myString)

PHP String Variables

• It is used to store and manipulate text. • Example:

<?php $txt1="Hello World!"; $txt2="What a nice day!"; echo $txt1 . " " . $txt2; ?>

• Output:Hello World! What a nice day!

The strlen() function

• The strlen() function is used to return the length of a string.

• Example:<?php echo strlen("Hello world!"); ?>

• Output:12

Assignment Operators

Comparison Operators

Logical Operators

Conditional Statements

PHP If...Else Statements

Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.

– if statement - use this statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true

– if...else statement - use this statement to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if the condition is false

– if...elseif....else statement - use this statement to select one of several blocks of code to be executed

– switch statement - use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed

Example: if..else statement <html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend!"; elseecho "Have a nice day!"; ?> </body> </html>

Continue.. If..else• If more than one line should be executed if a condition is

true/false, the lines should be enclosed within curly braces:• Example:

<?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") {echo "Hello!<br />";echo "Have a nice weekend!"; echo "See you on Monday!"; } ?>

PHP Switch Statement Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions. Example:

<?php switch ($x) {case 1: echo "Number 1"; break; case 2:echo "Number 2"; break; case 3: echo "Number 3"; break; default: echo "No number between 1 and 3"; }?>

PHP (Advanced Topics)

Arrays, Loops, Functions, Forms, Database Handling

Arrays

There are three different kind of arrays:

• Numeric array - An array with a numeric ID key• Associative array - An array where each ID key is

associated with a value• Multidimensional array - An array containing one or

more arrays

Numeric Array

Example 1In this example the ID key (index) is

automatically assigned:

$names = array("Peter", "Quagmire", "Joe");

Numeric Array

Example 2In this example we assign the ID key manually:

$names[0] = "Peter";$names[1] = "Quagmire";$names[2] = "Joe";

Displaying Numeric Array

<?php$names[0] = "Peter";$names[1] = "Quagmire";$names[2] = "Joe";echo $names[1] . " and " . $names[2] ." are ". $names[0] . "'s neighbors";?>

OutputQuagmire and Joe are Peter's neighbors

Associative Array

Example 1$ages = array("Peter"=>32, "Quagmire"=>30, "Joe"=>34);

Example 2$ages['Peter'] = "32";$ages['Quagmire'] = "30";$ages['Joe'] = "34";

Displaying Associative Array<?php$ages['Peter'] = "32";$ages['Quagmire'] = "30";$ages['Joe'] = "34";echo "Peter is " . $ages['Peter'] . " years old.";?>

OutputPeter is 32 years old.

In PHP we have the following looping statements:

• while - loops through a block of code if and as long as a specified condition is true

• do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long as a special condition is true

• for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times

• foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

while & do while Loops//Programs Displaying value from 1 to 5.

<html><body><?php$i=0;do{$i++;echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";}while ($i<5);?></body></html>

for and foreach Loops

//The following examples prints the text "Hello World!" five times:

Functions

Creating PHP functions:

• All functions start with the word "function()“• The name can start with a letter or underscore (not a

number)• Add a "{" – The code starts after the opening curly brace• Insert the code or STATEMENTS• Add a "}" - The code is finished by a closing curly brace

Functions//A simple function that writes name when it is called:

// Now we will use the function in a PHP script: <html><body><?phpfunction writeMyName(){echo "Kai Jim Refsnes";}echo "Hello world!<br />";echo "My name is ";writeMyName();echo ".<br />That's right, ";writeMyName();echo " is my name.";?></body> </html>

OutputHello world!My name is Kai Jim Refsnes.That's right, Kai Jim Refsnes is my name.

Functions with Parameters//The following example will write different first names, but the same last name:

<html><body><?phpfunction writeMyName($fname){echo $fname . " Refsnes.<br />";}echo "My name is ";writeMyName("Kai Jim");echo "My name is ";writeMyName("Hege");echo "My name is ";writeMyName("Stale");?></body></html>

OutputMy name is Kai Jim Refsnes.My name is Hege Refsnes.My name is Stale Refsnes.

//The following function has two parameters: <html><body><?phpfunction writeMyName($fname,$punctuation){echo $fname . " Refsnes" . $punctuation . “<br/>";}echo "My name is ";writeMyName("Kai Jim",".");echo "My name is ";writeMyName("Hege","!");echo "My name is ";writeMyName("Ståle","...");?></body></html>

Functions: Return Values//Functions can also be used to return values. <html><body><?phpfunction add($x,$y){$total = $x + $y;return $total;}echo "1 + 16 = " . add(1,16);?></body></html>

Output1 + 16 = 17

Form (User Input)

PHP Form

The PHP $_GET and $_POST variables are used to retrieve information from forms, like user input.

PHP Form HandlingThe most important thing to notice when dealing with HTML forms and PHP is that any form element in an HTML page will automatically be available to your PHP scripts.

PHP Forms ($_POST)Example//The file name is input.html<html><body><form action="welcome.php" method="post">Name: <input type="text" name="name" />Age: <input type="text" name="age" /><input type="submit" /></form></body></html>

The example HTML page above contains two input fields and a submit button. When the user fills in this form and click on the submit button, the form data is sent to the "welcome.php" file.

// The "welcome.php" file looks like this: <html> <body>Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?>.<br />You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old.</body> </html>

OutputWelcome John.You are 28 years old.

$_POST, $_GET, and $_REQUEST

• The $_POST variable is an array of variable names and values sent by the HTTP POST method.

• When using the $_GET variable all variable names and values are displayed in the URL. So this method should not be used to send sensitive information.

• The PHP $_REQUEST variable can be used to get the result from form data sent with both the GET and POST methods.

$_POST, $_GET, and $_REQUEST

Example:

//FILE calling welcome.php<form action="welcome.php" method="get">Name: <input type="text" name="name" />

$_GET Example://PHP file can now use the $_GET variable to catch the form dataWelcome <?php echo $_GET["name"]; ?>.<br />

$_REQUEST Example://PHP file can now use the $_GET variable to catch the form dataWelcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["name"]; ?>.<br />

Database Handling

PHP and MySQL

• MySQL is a database.• The data in MySQL is stored in database

objects called tables.• The data in MySQL is stored in database

objects called tables.• A database most often contains one or more

tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders").

LastName FirstName Address City

Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

All SQL queries are applicable in MySQL e.g. SELECT, CREATE, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

Below is an example of a table called "Persons":

PHP MySQL ConnectionSyntaxmysql_connect(servername,username,password);

Parameter Descriptionservername (Optional) - Specifies the server to connect to.

Default value is "localhost:3306"username (Optional) - Specifies the username to log in with.

Default value is the name of the user that owns the server process

password (Optional) - Specifies the password to log in with.Default is "".

Opening PHP MySQL ConnectionExampleIn the following example we store the connection in a variable

($con) for later use in the script. The "die" part will be executed if the connection fails:

<?php$con = mysql_connect("localhost",“user",“password");if (!$con){die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());}// some code?>

Closing PHP MySQL ConnectionThe connection will be closed automatically when the script ends. To close the connection before, use the mysql_close() function:

<?php$con = mysql_connect("localhost",“user",“password");if (!$con){die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());}// some codemysql_close($con);?>

Create Database

SyntaxCREATE DATABASE database_name

ExampleThe following example creates a database called "my_db":

die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());}if (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con)){ echo "Database created"; }else{ echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error(); }mysql_close($con);?>

<?php$con = mysql_connect("localhost“, ”user_name",“password");if (!$con){

Create Table

SyntaxCREATE TABLE table_name(column_name1 data_type,column_name2 data_type,column_name3 data_type,....)

FirstName varchar(15),LastName varchar(15),Age int )";// Execute querymysql_query($sql,$con);mysql_close($con);?>

Example:

<?php$con =mysql_connect("localhost", “user",“password");if (!$con){ die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); }// Create databaseif (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con)){ echo "Database created"; }else{ echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error(); }// Create tablemysql_select_db("my_db", $con);$sql = "CREATE TABLE Persons (

Create TablePrimary Key and Auto Increment Fields

• Each table should have a primary key field.• The primary key field cannot be null & requires a value.

Example $sql = "CREATE TABLE Persons(personID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,PRIMARY KEY(personID),FirstName varchar(15),LastName varchar(15),Age int)";mysql_query($sql,$con);

Insert Data

Syntax:

INSERT INTO table_nameVALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

Insert Data

Example

<?php$con = mysql_connect("localhost", “user_name",“password");if (!$con){ die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); }mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);mysql_query("INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName, Age)VALUES ('Peter', 'Griffin', '35')");mysql_query("INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName, Age)VALUES ('Glenn', 'Quagmire', '33')");mysql_close($con);?>

Insert Data (HTML FORM to DB)

<html><body><form action="insert.php" method="post">Firstname: <input type="text" name="firstname" />Lastname: <input type="text" name="lastname" />Age: <input type="text" name="age" /><input type="submit" /></form></body></html>

Note: Two files are required to input and store data. First, web_form.html file containing HTML web form. Secondly, insert.php (on next slide) file to store received data into database.

Note: Two files are required to input and store data. First, web_form.html file containing HTML web form. Secondly, insert.php (on next slide) file to store received data into database. 62

Insert Data (HTML FORM to DB)//Save this file as insert.php<?php$con = mysql_connect("localhost", “user_name",“password");if (!$con){ die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); }mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);$sql="INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName, Age)VALUES ('$_POST[firstname]','$_POST[lastname]','$_POST[age]')";if (!mysql_query($sql,$con)){ die('Error: ' . mysql_error()); }echo "1 record added";mysql_close($con)?>

Retrieve Data

Example:

$con = mysql_connect("localhost", “user_name",“password");if (!$con){ die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); }mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons");while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)){ echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName']; echo "<br />“;}mysql_close($con);?>

mysql_query() function is used to send a query.

Display Retrieved Data

Example:

<?php$con = mysql_connect("localhost",

“user_name",“password");if (!$con){die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());}mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons");echo "<table border='1'><tr><th>Firstname</th>

<th>Lastname</th></tr>";while($row =

mysql_fetch_array($result)){echo "<tr>";echo "<td>" . $row['FirstName'] .

"</td>";echo "<td>" . $row['LastName'] .

"</td>";echo "</tr>";}echo "</table>";mysql_close($con);?>

Searching (using WHERE clause)

Example:<?php$con = mysql_connect("localhost",“user_name",“password");if (!$con){ die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); }mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM PersonsWHERE FirstName='Peter'");while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)){ echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName']; echo "<br />"; }?>

OutputPeter Griffin

UpdateExample

<?php$con = mysql_connect("localhost",“user_name",”password");if (!$con){die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());}mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);mysql_query("UPDATE Persons SET Age = '36'WHERE FirstName = 'Peter' AND LastName = 'Griffin'");mysql_close($con);?> Peter Griffin’s age was 35

Now age changed into 3667

DeleteExample:

<?php$con = mysql_connect("localhost",“user_name",“password");if (!$con){die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());}mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);mysql_query("DELETE FROM Persons WHERE LastName='Griffin'");mysql_close($con);?>

WAMP Server (Apache, PHP, and MySQL)

Installation69

Installation

What do you need? Most people would prefer to install all-in-one

solution:

– WampServer -> for Windows platform Includes: • Apache 2.2.11 - MySQL 5.1.36 - PHP 5.3.0 • Download from http://www.wampserver.com/en/

– http://lamphowto.com/ -> for Linux platform

Software to be used

WampServer provides a plateform to develop web applications using PHP, MySQL and Apache web server. After successful installation, you should have an new icon in the bottom right, where the clock is:

Wampserver (Apache, MySQL, PHP for Windows)

Local Host IP address 127.0.0.1

Saving your PHP files

Whenever you create a new PHP page, you need to save it in your WWW directory. You can see where this is by clicking its item on the menu:

When you click on www directory You'll probably have only two files, index and testmysql.

This www folder for Wampserver is usally at this location on your hard drive:

c:/wamp/www/

Thank You.

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